ORM orderBy: relation columns, relation counts, and null placement - #30402
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OrderByItem gains a required nulls field (first, last, or undefined). asc and desc accept a nulls option, rewrite keeps it, and reverse flips it along with the direction. Call sites that rebuild an order item from an existing one now carry nulls forward. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
An order item with nulls set renders NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST after its direction in query, window, and aggregate ORDER BY. The query ORDER BY now goes through the same item renderer as the other two. Items without nulls render as before. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
The nulls option on orderBy was declared but dropped when building the order item. It now reaches the AST, so NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST render and change row order on Postgres. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
Inside where and orderBy, a to-one relation now also exposes each orderable scalar field of the related model as an ordering expression (asc and desc only), and a to-many relation exposes count(predicate?) returning one. The member set follows the relation cardinality in the contract. Only the types land here; the relation members have no runtime yet.
asc and desc on scalar fields and extension-operation results accept { nulls }, which reaches the plan order item and survives the include remaps.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
…heck A distinct include that nests another include rebuilds its order items against the ranked alias; a test now pins that nulls survives there. A type test pins that a related field whose codec is not orderable is not exposed on a to-one relation. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
A to-one relation field orders by (SELECT column FROM related WHERE join), and a to-many count orders by (SELECT count(*) FROM related [JOIN junction] WHERE join [AND predicate]). Both reuse the join the relation filters build, now shared by some/every/none, so self-relations get the same inner-table alias and N:M counts go through the junction. The subquery projects the plain count, since ORDER BY compares inside the database. count is offered only when the target declares an orderable count. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
cursor() rejects an active order that is not a model column or that sets nulls placement, and distinctOn() rejects one that is not a model column, each naming the 1-based orderBy position. The keyset builder asserts the same instead of skipping such an order, so an order added after cursor() fails at compile time rather than being dropped from the keyset. This also rejects cursors over extension-operation orders, which were previously left out of the keyset silently. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
The plan builders that apply distinctOn now run the same order check distinctOn() runs, at top level, for include children and under aggregates, so distinctOn().orderBy(relation) fails with ORM.ARGUMENT_INVALID instead of in Postgres. A plan test pins that a count predicate parameter is numbered after the WHERE parameters. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
Orders users by post count (plain, filtered, paginated), by N:M tag count through the junction, by the inviter name through the to-one self relation with default and nulls-last placement, and by a nullable scalar with nulls first. The seed data keeps every expected order distinct from id order. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
The sql-orm-client README and the prisma-8 query skill now teach ordering by a to-one relation field, by a to-many count with or without a predicate (through the junction for N:M), and null placement on any asc/desc. They state that cursor() refuses relation, count, extension-operation and nulls orders and that distinctOn() refuses non-column orders. The SQL builder nulls option is mentioned beside its direction option. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
ADR 255 records that relation orders lower to correlated subqueries built from the relation join, that null placement is AST data rendered per adapter, and that cursor and DISTINCT ON refuse orders that are not plain columns. The extension upgrade fragment tells consumers that cursor() now throws over extension-operation, relation, count and nulls orders, and how to paginate instead. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
Application code that calls cursor() over an extension-operation, relation, count or nulls order now gets ORM.ARGUMENT_INVALID. The app fragment mirrors the extension entry and shows the limit/offset rewrite on a db.orm chain. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
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Included review availability: Your plan provides up to 10 included reviews per hour; 5 remain after this review. 📝 WalkthroughWalkthroughThe SQL ORM adds ordering by related fields and relation counts, plus explicit null placement in order-by expressions. SQL adapters render null placement in query and nested orderings. Cursor pagination and DISTINCT ON now reject unsupported order expressions. ChangesSQL ORM ordering
Priority: ➖ Normal Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~60 minutes Change: Feature Sequence Diagram(s)sequenceDiagram
participant Collection as Collection.orderBy
participant Accessor as Relation accessor
participant Planner as Select query planner
participant Adapter as SQL adapter
Collection->>Accessor: Build relation ordering expression
Accessor->>Planner: Supply correlated subquery expression
Planner->>Adapter: Lower select plan
Adapter->>Adapter: Render ORDER BY expression
Suggested reviewers: Merge Risk: ⚪ Minimal · up to The previously identified DISTINCT ON regression is addressed, and the checked SQLite ordering path binds parameters correctly. No actionable merge-blocking risk remains after normal checks. Security Architecture ReviewSecurity architecture risk: 🔵 Low · up to The new ordering forms warrant design review, but the reviewed paths use declared relations and validated order options. No introduced security bypass was established. The effect on application access policies and database capacity remains unverified. Retained concerns Security review detailsSecurity Blast Radius
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In `@packages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/order-by-guards.ts`:
- Around line 24-35: Update both upgrade-instruction detection lists that
currently match `.cursor(` to also detect `.distinctOn(`, and describe the
plain-column restriction as a breaking change for existing callers; leave
`assertDistinctOnOrderable` unchanged.
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docs/architecture docs/ADR-INDEX.mddocs/architecture docs/adrs/ADR 255 - Relation ordering lowers to correlated subqueries.mdpackages/2-sql/4-lanes/relational-core/src/ast/types.tspackages/2-sql/4-lanes/relational-core/test/ast/order.test.tspackages/2-sql/4-lanes/sql-builder/src/runtime/builder-base.tspackages/2-sql/4-lanes/sql-builder/test/runtime/builders.test.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/README.mdpackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/collection.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/exports/index.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/model-accessor.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/order-by-guards.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/query-plan-aggregate.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/query-plan-select.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/query-plan-source.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/types.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/where-binding.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-nulls.test.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-relation-guards.test.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-relation.test-d.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-relation.test.tspackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/query-plan-select.test.tspackages/3-targets/6-adapters/postgres/src/core/sql-renderer.tspackages/3-targets/6-adapters/postgres/test/order-by-nulls.test.tspackages/3-targets/6-adapters/sqlite/src/core/adapter.tspackages/3-targets/6-adapters/sqlite/test/adapter.test.tspackages/3-targets/6-adapters/sqlite/test/order-by-nulls.test.tsskills/prisma-8/references/queries-postgres.mdskills/prisma-8/references/queries.mdtest/integration/test/sql-builder/order-by.test.tstest/integration/test/sql-orm-client/relation-order-by.test.tsupgrade-instructions/pending/orm-relation-order-by/app/instructions.mdupgrade-instructions/pending/orm-relation-order-by/extension/instructions.md
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OrderByItem refuses a direction other than asc/desc and a null placement other than first/last with RUNTIME.AST_INVALID, and both adapters render them from fixed tables instead of interpolating the string. The SQL builder orderBy and the ORM asc/desc raise ORM.ARGUMENT_INVALID for an out-of-range value from the caller, so a request parameter forwarded as nulls or direction can no longer inject SQL. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
withExpr keeps the direction and null placement, so rewrite, the where binding and the include remaps no longer copy those fields by hand. A field added to OrderByItem later is carried by one method. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
The builder declared its own copy of the null placement union for the orderBy option. It now uses the AST type the option is written into, so the two cannot drift. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
Extension authors who construct or render OrderByItem are told about the third constructor argument, withExpr, and that a renderer must emit NULLS FIRST / NULLS LAST wherever it emits the direction. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
The distinct dedup wrap under aggregate() and groupBy().aggregate() exposes only its projection, so an order over a relation, a count or an operation result referenced a column the wrap did not expose and Postgres rejected the query. Each such order is now projected inside the wrap as a hidden __order_N column, and the outer order reads it with the same direction and null placement. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
Postgres needs the leading ORDER BY items to match the DISTINCT ON expressions; later items only pick which row represents each group. The check now rejects an expression order only among the first distinctOn-count items, so "nearest item per category" and "most posts per kind" compile again. The two checks are renamed assertCursorCompatibleOrder and assertDistinctOnCompatibleOrder, the doubled check in compileSelect is dropped, and every plan-time site plus the call-time cursor rejection of an extension-operation order has a test. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
count was hidden unless the aggregate registry declared a count whose output codec was orderable. That codec describes the value the application reads after the target lowering, not the plain COUNT(*) the ORDER BY compares, which is always orderable. The check is removed at the type level and at runtime. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
…tions The value offers asc/desc and nothing else; it is not an Expression in the relational-core sense, so the name no longer suggests it can be passed where expressions go. The internal mapped type becomes OrderableFields. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
The to-one accessor is a Proxy over some/every/none: a relation filter touches no related field, and reading a field resolves only that field. Names of relation methods still expose no related field. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
… SQLite PGlite now executes a self-relation include ordered by a relation count and by the to-one inviter name, and a posts include ordered by a filtered comment count with a parameter. SQLite executes a filtered count order after a WHERE parameter, so positional binding is covered. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
…orders ADR 255 now says it covers SQL only, why a cursor needs plain column orders, the leading-position distinctOn rule, that every to-many relation offers count, that expression orders pass a dedup wrap as hidden __order_N columns, the adapter duty to emulate nulls placement, how the count order relates to an included count, and why to-one and to-many expose different members. ADR 175 records the ordering surface as an open question for the shared interface. The README, the Postgres query skill and both upgrade notes use the distinctOn rule as shipped. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
wmadden
approved these changes
Sep 25, 2026
For a contract from the SQLite TypeScript builder the relation predicate accessor is typed with an index signature, the same as for some(), so the test reads views by key to typecheck. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
The lazy to-one accessor looks a field up with Object.hasOwn, so inherited names such as toString never reach column resolution. The distinct-aggregate test comment gives the sums an id order would produce, and both upgrade notes say a leading expression order under distinctOn failed in the database before and now fails with ORM.ARGUMENT_INVALID. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: willbot <w.a.madden+machine@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Will Madden <madden@prisma.io>
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Linked issue
n/a — no Linear ticket exists for this work; motivated by the
prisma/asksoperator UI, whose sortable tables need to order by related rows and relation counts.Skill update
skills/prisma-8/references/queries.mdandqueries-postgres.mdteach the neworderByforms (relation column, relationcount(predicate?),{ nulls }). The "ordering grouped aggregates by an alias" limitation entries stay: they are still true.At a glance
which lowers to
Before this PR a relation inside
orderByoffered onlysome/every/none, andasc()/desc()took no options.Summary
The
prisma/asksoperator UI sorts lists by things that are not columns of the row: a commitment by its staff member's name, an ask by how many signals it has. The ORM client could not express any of that, so those lists sorted in memory. This PR letsorderByreach a to-one relation's column and a to-many relation's count, and adds null placement, so the application stays on the ORM lane.Decision
This PR ships three things:
orderBy, a relation whose cardinality is1:1orN:1exposes the related model's orderable scalar fields, each withasc(options?)/desc(options?). One hop only. The order item carries a correlated scalar subquery built from the relation's join metadata.1:NorN:Mrelation exposescount(predicate?); the predicate is the same shapesomeaccepts.N:Mcounts through the junction. The order item is(SELECT count(*) FROM related [JOIN junction] WHERE <join> [AND <predicate>]).asc()/desc()accept{ nulls: 'first' | 'last' }everywhere the ORM offers them. This needed the relational-coreOrderByItemto carry anullsfield, and the Postgres and SQLite renderers to emitNULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST. The SQL builder's already-declared but previously ignorednullsoption now works too.cursor()refuses an order item that is not a plain column, or that carriesnulls, withORM.ARGUMENT_INVALID: a keyset needs a value per order axis.distinctOn()enforces Postgres's rule and nothing more: the leading order items, one perdistinctOncolumn, must be plain columns; later items may be any expression. Both are checked at call time and again when the plan is built, so no query can silently drop an order axis. ADR 255 records why a correlated subquery was chosen over aLEFT JOIN.Reviewer notes
cursor()after an extension-operation order now throws. PreviouslybuildCursorWheresilently skipped any non-column order item (an existing test pinned that), so a cursor over a vector distance paginated on the remaining columns only, which returns wrong pages. The upgrade fragments underupgrade-instructions/pending/orm-relation-order-by/app/and.../extension/record this.some/every/nonelowering was refactored. The two EXISTS builders inmodel-accessor.tscollapsed into onecorrelateRelatedRowsthat also serves the new subqueries. No existing filter test changed its expectations.countuses plainCOUNT(*), not the target's count lowering. SQLite's count lowering casts to text, which would sort as text. The value never reaches the consumer, and a plain count always orders numerically, socountis always offered on a to-many relation.ordertrait check scalarasc/descuse). The to-one accessor is aProxy, so a related field is resolved only when it is read;where((p) => p.author.some(...))does no per-field work.OrderByItemconstruction and rendered from fixed tables, so a value forwarded from a request cannot reach SQL text. The SQL builder previously normalizeddirectionthis way; the ORM and builder now both raise their argument error before construction.distinct()rows with an expression order project the expression as a hidden__order_Ncolumn inside the dedup wrapper. Before this fix that path emitted invalid SQL for any expression order, extension operations included.OrderByItem.withExprrebuilds an order item around a new expression, carryingdirandnulls; every remap site uses it.reverse()flipsnullsso a reversed order stays an exact mirror. Nothing callsreverse()yet.How it fits together
OrderByItemgainsnulls;asc/descfactories accept it;rewritepreserves andreverseflips it. Both SQL renderers render it in query, window and aggregate ORDER BY positions through onerenderOrderByItemsper adapter.types.tssplits the relation accessor by cardinality:ToOneRelationAccessoradds the related model's orderable fields asOrderables,ToManyRelationAccessoraddscount.wheresees the same accessor and is unchanged.model-accessor.tsbuilds both fromResolvedRelationmetadata.correlateRelatedRowsproduces the correlatedSelectAstshared by EXISTS filters, related-column orders and counts, aliasing the inner table when the name is already in scope.order-by-guards.tsholds the two assertions;collection.tsruns them atcursor()/distinctOn()call time, and every plan builder that appliesdistinctOnor builds a keyset runs them again.limit/offsetover a relation order.Behavior changes & evidence
packages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/model-accessor.ts; evidencepackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-relation.test.ts,test/integration/test/sql-orm-client/relation-order-by.test.ts.count(predicate?)orders rows, through the junction forN:M, with predicate params bound after WHERE params. Same files.asc/descaccept{ nulls }; the placement survives every include remap and the aggregate dedup wrapper.packages/2-sql/4-lanes/relational-core/src/ast/types.ts,packages/3-targets/6-adapters/postgres/src/core/sql-renderer.ts,packages/3-targets/6-adapters/sqlite/src/core/adapter.ts; evidencepackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-nulls.test.ts,packages/3-targets/6-adapters/postgres/test/order-by-nulls.test.ts,packages/3-targets/6-adapters/sqlite/test/order-by-nulls.test.ts.orderBy(..., { nulls })renders.packages/2-sql/4-lanes/sql-builder/src/runtime/builder-base.ts; evidencetest/integration/test/sql-builder/order-by.test.ts.cursor()rejects expression andnullsorders;distinctOn()rejects an expression order only in its leading positions; both at call time and at plan time.packages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/src/order-by-guards.ts,src/collection.ts,src/query-plan-source.ts; evidencepackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-relation-guards.test.ts.count, nested relations are not reachable. Evidencepackages/3-extensions/sql-orm-client/test/order-by-relation.test-d.ts.test/integration/test/sql-orm-client/relation-order-by.test.ts,relation-order-by-sqlite.test.ts.Testing performed
On the final HEAD, after merging
origin/main:pnpm build(86/86),pnpm typecheck(169/169),pnpm lint(101/101),pnpm lint:depspnpm --filter @internal/sql-orm-client test(997),@internal/sql-relational-core test(558),@internal/adapter-postgres test(988 + 3 expected fail),@internal/adapter-sqlite test(317),@internal/sql-builder test(176)pnpm test:integration: 799 files, 4372 passed, 104 expected failpnpm fixtures:check(no tracked changes),pnpm check:upgrade-coverage --mode pr,pnpm lint:skills,pnpm lint:rules:symlinksFollow-ups
select.Alternatives considered
LEFT JOINto the related table. Adds a join to the main query, multiplies rows for to-many relations, needs alias management against includes andDISTINCT ON. The correlated subquery reuses the relation filter's binding code and cannot change the row set.nullsin the ORM until the AST supported it elsewhere. The AST field is one line and both renderers had a single ORDER BY rendering path each; adding it here was cheaper than a follow-up.wherethrough a subquery). It would add filtering on related columns, a separate capability; the accessor exposes ordering only.Checklist
git commit -s) per the DCO.TML-NNNN: <sentence-case title>form (no Linear ticket exists for this work).Notes for the reviewer
See "Reviewer notes" above.
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Summary by CodeRabbit
NULLS FIRSTorNULLS LASTplacement.distinctOn()now reject unsupported ordering combinations with a clear error instead of accepting incompatible orders.