Expose build constraints configuration in Breeze

[nailo2c]

This is PR3 of the split replacement for #65511.

It exposes an explicit Breeze path for build constraints without changing the default constraints behaviour:

• adds --airflow-build-constraints-location / AIRFLOW_BUILD_CONSTRAINTS_LOCATION
• forwards the value to breeze ci-image build and breeze prod-image build as a Docker build arg
• forwards the value to shell-based workflows as an environment variable
• regenerates the affected Breeze command images and command hashes

Covered commands:

• breeze ci-image build
• breeze prod-image build
• breeze shell
• breeze start-airflow
• breeze release-management install-provider-distributions
• breeze release-management verify-provider-distributions

This intentionally does not add automatic constraints branch inference or default published build constraints. That remains deferred to PR4.

Split order:

1. Generate and publish build constraints #68937
2. Support explicit build constraints in install flows #68962
3. this PR
4. PR4

This PR is draft until the earlier split PRs are ready/merged.

Validation:

• breeze setup regenerate-command-images --check-only
• breeze setup check-all-params-in-groups
• breeze --answer n run pytest dev/breeze/tests/test_build_constraints_breeze_options.py dev/breeze/tests/test_shell_params.py -xvs
• PATH="/Users/aaron.chen/.local/bin:$PATH" prek run --from-ref upstream/main --stage pre-commit
• PATH="/Users/aaron.chen/.local/bin:$PATH" prek run --from-ref upstream/main --stage manual
• breeze ci selective-check --commit-ref HEAD

related: #54394

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