Exponential backoff with jitter

Calculate retry delays for transient failures. Full jitter prevents thundering herds on shared endpoints.

This implementation relies strictly on the Java standard library. Zero external dependencies.

The single gotcha: full jitter yields a uniform distribution up to the exponential cap. You must enforce a hard absolute ceiling. Unbounded delays will breach compliance SLAs.

Backoff.java

Execute the test suite adjacent to the core logic. It demonstrates concrete retry paths.