Task1.java

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

class LoanAccountService {

    public List<LoanAccount> getOverdueLoans(List<LoanAccount> accounts) {
        // FIX: Initialize the result list so callers receive an empty list instead of null when no loans match.
        List<LoanAccount> result = new ArrayList<>();

        // FIX: Guard against null input to avoid NullPointerException in production support flows.
        if (accounts == null) {
            return result;
        }

        // FIX: Capture current date once so all accounts in this execution are compared against the same timestamp.
        Date today = new Date();

        for (LoanAccount account : accounts) {
            // FIX: Skip null list entries defensively instead of failing the whole batch.
            if (account == null) {
                continue;
            }

            Date dueDate = account.getDueDate();

            // FIX: dueDate may be null for restructured accounts; such accounts cannot be treated as overdue.
            if (dueDate != null && dueDate.before(today) && account.getOutstandingBalance() > 0) {
                result.add(account);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
}