From bbd60c68cc5c269f4d977fb4fe0b96b06dc8e106 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yury Semikhatsky <yurys@chromium.org>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2026 16:15:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] feat(content): add includeShadowRoots option to
 page.content()

Fixes https://github.com/microsoft/playwright/issues/42794
---
 docs/src/api/class-frame.md                   |  3 ++
 docs/src/api/class-page.md                    |  3 ++
 docs/src/api/params.md                        |  6 ++++
 packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts   | 22 +++++++++++--
 .../playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts  |  8 +++--
 packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts  |  4 +--
 packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts   |  4 +--
 .../playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts  |  8 +++--
 .../src/server/dispatchers/frameDispatcher.ts |  2 +-
 packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts | 32 ++++++++++++++-----
 packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts     | 22 +++++++++++--
 packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml              |  2 ++
 packages/protocol/src/validator.ts            |  4 ++-
 tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts           |  8 +++++
 14 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/src/api/class-frame.md b/docs/src/api/class-frame.md
index 791640f1b86ca..da217e1240fde 100644
--- a/docs/src/api/class-frame.md
+++ b/docs/src/api/class-frame.md
@@ -299,6 +299,9 @@ When all steps combined have not finished during the specified [`option: timeout
 
 Gets the full HTML contents of the frame, including the doctype.
 
+### option: Frame.content.includeShadowRoots = %%-content-option-include-shadow-roots-%%
+* since: v1.64
+
 ## async method: Frame.dblclick
 * since: v1.8
 * discouraged: Use locator-based [`method: Locator.dblclick`] instead. Read more about [locators](../locators.md).
diff --git a/docs/src/api/class-page.md b/docs/src/api/class-page.md
index 750f8efc87ba0..5d8ee92ce1458 100644
--- a/docs/src/api/class-page.md
+++ b/docs/src/api/class-page.md
@@ -866,6 +866,9 @@ Defaults to `false`. Whether to run the
 
 Gets the full HTML contents of the page, including the doctype.
 
+### option: Page.content.includeShadowRoots = %%-content-option-include-shadow-roots-%%
+* since: v1.64
+
 ## method: Page.context
 * since: v1.8
 - returns: <[BrowserContext]>
diff --git a/docs/src/api/params.md b/docs/src/api/params.md
index c107b8660ce2a..a9aeac44e7c22 100644
--- a/docs/src/api/params.md
+++ b/docs/src/api/params.md
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ When to consider operation succeeded, defaults to `load`. Events can be either:
 * `'networkidle'` - **DISCOURAGED** consider operation to be finished when there are no network connections for at least `500` ms. Don't use this method for testing, rely on web assertions to assess readiness instead.
 * `'commit'` - consider operation to be finished when network response is received and the document started loading.
 
+## content-option-include-shadow-roots
+- `includeShadowRoots` <[boolean]>
+
+When true, contents of open shadow roots are included as [declarative shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM#declaratively_with_html),
+i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never included. Defaults to `false`.
+
 ## navigation-timeout
 * langs: python, java, csharp
 - `timeout` <[float]>
diff --git a/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts b/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts
index 37ae5c38344e4..dc946e7e370b7 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts
@@ -2458,8 +2458,17 @@ export interface Page {
 
   /**
    * Gets the full HTML contents of the page, including the doctype.
+   * @param options
    */
-  content(): Promise<string>;
+  content(options?: {
+    /**
+     * When true, contents of open shadow roots are included as
+     * [declarative shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM#declaratively_with_html),
+     * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
+     * included. Defaults to `false`.
+     */
+    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+  }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
    * Get the browser context that the page belongs to.
@@ -6945,8 +6954,17 @@ export interface Frame {
 
   /**
    * Gets the full HTML contents of the frame, including the doctype.
+   * @param options
    */
-  content(): Promise<string>;
+  content(options?: {
+    /**
+     * When true, contents of open shadow roots are included as
+     * [declarative shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM#declaratively_with_html),
+     * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
+     * included. Defaults to `false`.
+     */
+    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+  }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
    * **NOTE** Use locator-based [locator.dblclick([options])](https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-locator#locator-dblclick)
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts
index 954dd9dcb3f6c..1a737be13cf46 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts
@@ -2449,8 +2449,12 @@ export type FrameClickOptions = {
   steps?: number,
 };
 export type FrameClickResult = void;
-export type FrameContentParams = {};
-export type FrameContentOptions = {};
+export type FrameContentParams = {
+  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+};
+export type FrameContentOptions = {
+  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+};
 export type FrameContentResult = {
   value: string,
 };
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts
index bcaef87659c4c..9b2b238d004e4 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ export class Frame extends ChannelOwner<channels.FrameChannel> implements api.Fr
     return (await this._channel.queryCount({ selector }, kNoTimeout)).value;
   }
 
-  async content(): Promise<string> {
-    return (await this._channel.content({}, kNoTimeout)).value;
+  async content(options: channels.FrameContentOptions = {}): Promise<string> {
+    return (await this._channel.content({ ...options }, kNoTimeout)).value;
   }
 
   async setContent(html: string, options: channels.FrameSetContentOptions & TimeoutOptions = {}): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts
index 0c6451de1aaf5..7107e15058ab3 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ export class Page extends ChannelOwner<channels.PageChannel> implements api.Page
     return this._mainFrame.url();
   }
 
-  async content(): Promise<string> {
-    return await this._mainFrame.content();
+  async content(options?: channels.FrameContentOptions): Promise<string> {
+    return await this._mainFrame.content(options);
   }
 
   async setContent(html: string, options?: channels.FrameSetContentOptions & TimeoutOptions): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts
index f9493cf87dfa1..ce651fd274953 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts
@@ -2450,8 +2450,12 @@ export type FrameClickOptions = {
   steps?: number,
 };
 export type FrameClickResult = void;
-export type FrameContentParams = {};
-export type FrameContentOptions = {};
+export type FrameContentParams = {
+  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+};
+export type FrameContentOptions = {
+  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+};
 export type FrameContentResult = {
   value: string,
 };
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/frameDispatcher.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/frameDispatcher.ts
index 7733df73fb44e..5cd51a82a0336 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/frameDispatcher.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/frameDispatcher.ts
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export class FrameDispatcher extends Dispatcher<Frame, channels.FrameChannel, Br
   }
 
   async content(params: channels.FrameContentParams, progress: Progress): Promise<channels.FrameContentResult> {
-    return { value: await this._frame.content(progress) };
+    return { value: await this._frame.content(progress, params) };
   }
 
   async setContent(params: channels.FrameSetContentParams, progress: Progress): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
index fb2d901d3ba77..97cbd2950f944 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
@@ -939,21 +939,37 @@ export class Frame extends SdkObject<FrameEventMap> {
     }
   }
 
-  async content(progress: Progress): Promise<string> {
-    return progress.race(this._content());
+  async content(progress: Progress, options: channels.FrameContentParams): Promise<string> {
+    return progress.race(this._content(options));
   }
 
-  private async _content(): Promise<string> {
+  private async _content(options: channels.FrameContentParams): Promise<string> {
     try {
       const context = await this.utilityContext();
-      return await context.evaluate(() => {
+      return await context.evaluate(includeShadowRoots => {
         let retVal = '';
         if (document.doctype)
           retVal = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(document.doctype);
-        if (document.documentElement)
-          retVal += document.documentElement.outerHTML;
-        return retVal;
-      });
+        const root = document.documentElement;
+        if (!root)
+          return retVal;
+        if (!includeShadowRoots)
+          return retVal + root.outerHTML;
+        const shadowRoots: ShadowRoot[] = [];
+        const collectShadowRoots = (node: Document | ShadowRoot) => {
+          for (const element of node.querySelectorAll('*')) {
+            if (element.shadowRoot) {
+              shadowRoots.push(element.shadowRoot);
+              collectShadowRoots(element.shadowRoot);
+            }
+          }
+        };
+        collectShadowRoots(document);
+        // getHTML() serializes children only, wrap them with the root element tags.
+        const emptyRoot = (root.cloneNode(false) as Element).outerHTML;
+        const endTagIndex = emptyRoot.lastIndexOf('</');
+        return retVal + emptyRoot.slice(0, endTagIndex) + root.getHTML({ shadowRoots }) + emptyRoot.slice(endTagIndex);
+      }, options.includeShadowRoots);
     } catch (e) {
       if (this.isNonRetriableError(e))
         throw e;
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts b/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts
index 37ae5c38344e4..dc946e7e370b7 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts
@@ -2458,8 +2458,17 @@ export interface Page {
 
   /**
    * Gets the full HTML contents of the page, including the doctype.
+   * @param options
    */
-  content(): Promise<string>;
+  content(options?: {
+    /**
+     * When true, contents of open shadow roots are included as
+     * [declarative shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM#declaratively_with_html),
+     * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
+     * included. Defaults to `false`.
+     */
+    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+  }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
    * Get the browser context that the page belongs to.
@@ -6945,8 +6954,17 @@ export interface Frame {
 
   /**
    * Gets the full HTML contents of the frame, including the doctype.
+   * @param options
    */
-  content(): Promise<string>;
+  content(options?: {
+    /**
+     * When true, contents of open shadow roots are included as
+     * [declarative shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM#declaratively_with_html),
+     * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
+     * included. Defaults to `false`.
+     */
+    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+  }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
    * **NOTE** Use locator-based [locator.dblclick([options])](https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-locator#locator-dblclick)
diff --git a/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml b/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml
index 3b34d5207eae8..2eb640a454e9c 100644
--- a/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml
+++ b/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml
@@ -205,6 +205,8 @@ Frame:
 
     content:
       title: Get content
+      parameters:
+        includeShadowRoots: boolean?
       returns:
         value: string
       flags:
diff --git a/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts b/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts
index a861f10817719..c6c950a13d87a 100644
--- a/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts
@@ -1328,7 +1328,9 @@ scheme.FrameClickParams = tObject({
   steps: tOptional(tInt),
 });
 scheme.FrameClickResult = tOptional(tObject({}));
-scheme.FrameContentParams = tOptional(tObject({}));
+scheme.FrameContentParams = tObject({
+  includeShadowRoots: tOptional(tBoolean),
+});
 scheme.FrameContentResult = tObject({
   value: tString,
 });
diff --git a/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts b/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts
index 8ef918794a939..b9991a71fdf94 100644
--- a/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,14 @@ it('should work with HTML 4 doctype', async ({ page, server }) => {
   expect(result).toBe(`${doctype}${expectedOutput}`);
 });
 
+it('should include shadow roots', async ({ page }) => {
+  const html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head></head><body><div id="host"><template shadowrootmode="open"><div id="nested"><template shadowrootmode="open"><span>nested</span></template><slot></slot></div></template><span>light</span></div><div id="closed"></div></body></html>';
+  // Closed shadow roots are not accessible from script and are never serialized.
+  await page.setContent(html.replace('<div id="closed">', '<div id="closed"><template shadowrootmode="closed"><span>closed</span></template>'));
+  expect(await page.content()).toBe('<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head></head><body><div id="host"><span>light</span></div><div id="closed"></div></body></html>');
+  expect(await page.content({ includeShadowRoots: true })).toBe(html);
+});
+
 it('should respect timeout', async ({ page, server, playwright }) => {
   const imgPath = '/img.png';
   // stall for image

From 5de0e268cd3333cb39f19a692d44d69f0bb89eee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yury Semikhatsky <yurys@chromium.org>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2026 16:26:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] chore(content): rename option to includeShadow

---
 docs/src/api/class-frame.md                       | 2 +-
 docs/src/api/class-page.md                        | 2 +-
 docs/src/api/params.md                            | 4 ++--
 packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts       | 4 ++--
 packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts | 4 ++--
 packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts | 4 ++--
 packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts     | 6 +++---
 packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts         | 4 ++--
 packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml                  | 2 +-
 packages/protocol/src/validator.ts                | 2 +-
 tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts               | 2 +-
 11 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/src/api/class-frame.md b/docs/src/api/class-frame.md
index da217e1240fde..05e7bf157f84f 100644
--- a/docs/src/api/class-frame.md
+++ b/docs/src/api/class-frame.md
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ When all steps combined have not finished during the specified [`option: timeout
 
 Gets the full HTML contents of the frame, including the doctype.
 
-### option: Frame.content.includeShadowRoots = %%-content-option-include-shadow-roots-%%
+### option: Frame.content.includeShadow = %%-content-option-include-shadow-%%
 * since: v1.64
 
 ## async method: Frame.dblclick
diff --git a/docs/src/api/class-page.md b/docs/src/api/class-page.md
index 5d8ee92ce1458..e73477edba32f 100644
--- a/docs/src/api/class-page.md
+++ b/docs/src/api/class-page.md
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ Defaults to `false`. Whether to run the
 
 Gets the full HTML contents of the page, including the doctype.
 
-### option: Page.content.includeShadowRoots = %%-content-option-include-shadow-roots-%%
+### option: Page.content.includeShadow = %%-content-option-include-shadow-%%
 * since: v1.64
 
 ## method: Page.context
diff --git a/docs/src/api/params.md b/docs/src/api/params.md
index a9aeac44e7c22..9e93bd8f697d3 100644
--- a/docs/src/api/params.md
+++ b/docs/src/api/params.md
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ When to consider operation succeeded, defaults to `load`. Events can be either:
 * `'networkidle'` - **DISCOURAGED** consider operation to be finished when there are no network connections for at least `500` ms. Don't use this method for testing, rely on web assertions to assess readiness instead.
 * `'commit'` - consider operation to be finished when network response is received and the document started loading.
 
-## content-option-include-shadow-roots
-- `includeShadowRoots` <[boolean]>
+## content-option-include-shadow
+- `includeShadow` <[boolean]>
 
 When true, contents of open shadow roots are included as [declarative shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM#declaratively_with_html),
 i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never included. Defaults to `false`.
diff --git a/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts b/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts
index dc946e7e370b7..9c1e61ba92e21 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-client/types/types.d.ts
@@ -2467,7 +2467,7 @@ export interface Page {
      * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
      * included. Defaults to `false`.
      */
-    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+    includeShadow?: boolean;
   }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
@@ -6963,7 +6963,7 @@ export interface Frame {
      * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
      * included. Defaults to `false`.
      */
-    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+    includeShadow?: boolean;
   }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts
index 1a737be13cf46..531bd08320974 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/channels.d.ts
@@ -2450,10 +2450,10 @@ export type FrameClickOptions = {
 };
 export type FrameClickResult = void;
 export type FrameContentParams = {
-  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+  includeShadow?: boolean,
 };
 export type FrameContentOptions = {
-  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+  includeShadow?: boolean,
 };
 export type FrameContentResult = {
   value: string,
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts
index ce651fd274953..ed5766412d229 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/channels.d.ts
@@ -2451,10 +2451,10 @@ export type FrameClickOptions = {
 };
 export type FrameClickResult = void;
 export type FrameContentParams = {
-  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+  includeShadow?: boolean,
 };
 export type FrameContentOptions = {
-  includeShadowRoots?: boolean,
+  includeShadow?: boolean,
 };
 export type FrameContentResult = {
   value: string,
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
index 97cbd2950f944..465b73353083b 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
@@ -946,14 +946,14 @@ export class Frame extends SdkObject<FrameEventMap> {
   private async _content(options: channels.FrameContentParams): Promise<string> {
     try {
       const context = await this.utilityContext();
-      return await context.evaluate(includeShadowRoots => {
+      return await context.evaluate(includeShadow => {
         let retVal = '';
         if (document.doctype)
           retVal = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(document.doctype);
         const root = document.documentElement;
         if (!root)
           return retVal;
-        if (!includeShadowRoots)
+        if (!includeShadow)
           return retVal + root.outerHTML;
         const shadowRoots: ShadowRoot[] = [];
         const collectShadowRoots = (node: Document | ShadowRoot) => {
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ export class Frame extends SdkObject<FrameEventMap> {
         const emptyRoot = (root.cloneNode(false) as Element).outerHTML;
         const endTagIndex = emptyRoot.lastIndexOf('</');
         return retVal + emptyRoot.slice(0, endTagIndex) + root.getHTML({ shadowRoots }) + emptyRoot.slice(endTagIndex);
-      }, options.includeShadowRoots);
+      }, options.includeShadow);
     } catch (e) {
       if (this.isNonRetriableError(e))
         throw e;
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts b/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts
index dc946e7e370b7..9c1e61ba92e21 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/types/types.d.ts
@@ -2467,7 +2467,7 @@ export interface Page {
      * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
      * included. Defaults to `false`.
      */
-    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+    includeShadow?: boolean;
   }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
@@ -6963,7 +6963,7 @@ export interface Frame {
      * i.e. `<template shadowrootmode="open">` elements nested inside their host elements. Closed shadow roots are never
      * included. Defaults to `false`.
      */
-    includeShadowRoots?: boolean;
+    includeShadow?: boolean;
   }): Promise<string>;
 
   /**
diff --git a/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml b/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml
index 2eb640a454e9c..4f94207b9e924 100644
--- a/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml
+++ b/packages/protocol/spec/frame.yml
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Frame:
     content:
       title: Get content
       parameters:
-        includeShadowRoots: boolean?
+        includeShadow: boolean?
       returns:
         value: string
       flags:
diff --git a/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts b/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts
index c6c950a13d87a..0e6061c6adbd7 100644
--- a/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol/src/validator.ts
@@ -1329,7 +1329,7 @@ scheme.FrameClickParams = tObject({
 });
 scheme.FrameClickResult = tOptional(tObject({}));
 scheme.FrameContentParams = tObject({
-  includeShadowRoots: tOptional(tBoolean),
+  includeShadow: tOptional(tBoolean),
 });
 scheme.FrameContentResult = tObject({
   value: tString,
diff --git a/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts b/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts
index b9991a71fdf94..6993d61b63570 100644
--- a/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/page/page-set-content.spec.ts
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ it('should include shadow roots', async ({ page }) => {
   // Closed shadow roots are not accessible from script and are never serialized.
   await page.setContent(html.replace('<div id="closed">', '<div id="closed"><template shadowrootmode="closed"><span>closed</span></template>'));
   expect(await page.content()).toBe('<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head></head><body><div id="host"><span>light</span></div><div id="closed"></div></body></html>');
-  expect(await page.content({ includeShadowRoots: true })).toBe(html);
+  expect(await page.content({ includeShadow: true })).toBe(html);
 });
 
 it('should respect timeout', async ({ page, server, playwright }) => {

From 92f55a646843c5b3bbcade7293cd9fe32ee211a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yury Semikhatsky <yurys@chromium.org>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2026 16:28:23 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] chore(content): move serialization into injected script

---
 packages/injected/src/injectedScript.ts       | 25 ++++++++++++++++++
 packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts | 26 ++-----------------
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/injected/src/injectedScript.ts b/packages/injected/src/injectedScript.ts
index 85963d3a37696..636fb028ff84a 100644
--- a/packages/injected/src/injectedScript.ts
+++ b/packages/injected/src/injectedScript.ts
@@ -344,6 +344,31 @@ export class InjectedScript {
     return renderAriaSnapshotAsYaml(json);
   }
 
+  documentContent(includeShadow: boolean): string {
+    let content = '';
+    if (this.document.doctype)
+      content = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(this.document.doctype);
+    const root = this.document.documentElement;
+    if (!root)
+      return content;
+    if (!includeShadow)
+      return content + root.outerHTML;
+    const shadowRoots: ShadowRoot[] = [];
+    const collectShadowRoots = (node: Document | ShadowRoot) => {
+      for (const element of node.querySelectorAll('*')) {
+        if (element.shadowRoot) {
+          shadowRoots.push(element.shadowRoot);
+          collectShadowRoots(element.shadowRoot);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    collectShadowRoots(this.document);
+    // getHTML() serializes children only, wrap them with the root element tags.
+    const emptyRoot = (root.cloneNode(false) as Element).outerHTML;
+    const endTagIndex = emptyRoot.lastIndexOf('</');
+    return content + emptyRoot.slice(0, endTagIndex) + root.getHTML({ shadowRoots }) + emptyRoot.slice(endTagIndex);
+  }
+
   getAllElementsMatchingExpectAriaTemplate(document: Document, template: AriaTemplateNode): Element[] {
     return getAllElementsMatchingExpectAriaTemplate(document.documentElement, template);
   }
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
index 465b73353083b..c68329b61028e 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
@@ -946,30 +946,8 @@ export class Frame extends SdkObject<FrameEventMap> {
   private async _content(options: channels.FrameContentParams): Promise<string> {
     try {
       const context = await this.utilityContext();
-      return await context.evaluate(includeShadow => {
-        let retVal = '';
-        if (document.doctype)
-          retVal = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(document.doctype);
-        const root = document.documentElement;
-        if (!root)
-          return retVal;
-        if (!includeShadow)
-          return retVal + root.outerHTML;
-        const shadowRoots: ShadowRoot[] = [];
-        const collectShadowRoots = (node: Document | ShadowRoot) => {
-          for (const element of node.querySelectorAll('*')) {
-            if (element.shadowRoot) {
-              shadowRoots.push(element.shadowRoot);
-              collectShadowRoots(element.shadowRoot);
-            }
-          }
-        };
-        collectShadowRoots(document);
-        // getHTML() serializes children only, wrap them with the root element tags.
-        const emptyRoot = (root.cloneNode(false) as Element).outerHTML;
-        const endTagIndex = emptyRoot.lastIndexOf('</');
-        return retVal + emptyRoot.slice(0, endTagIndex) + root.getHTML({ shadowRoots }) + emptyRoot.slice(endTagIndex);
-      }, options.includeShadow);
+      const injected = await context.injectedScript();
+      return await injected.evaluate((injected, includeShadow) => injected.documentContent(includeShadow), !!options.includeShadow);
     } catch (e) {
       if (this.isNonRetriableError(e))
         throw e;