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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
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font-size: 30px;
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display: flex;
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</style>
<title>PhoenixCodec: Taming Neural Speech Coding for Extreme Low-Resource Scenarios</title>
</head>
<body rightmargin="150" leftmargin="150" topmargin="100" bottommargin="100" line-height:160%>
<div class="container">
<header role="banner">
</header>
<main role="main">
<article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting">
<br></br>
<h1 itemprop="headline" align="center">
<font style="font-size:40px; color:black;">PhoenixCodec: Taming Neural Speech Coding for Extreme Low-Resource Scenarios</font>
</h1>
<br></br>
<p align="center" style="font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size:18px; color:#000; line-height:1.6;">
<i>
Zixiang Wan<sup>★†</sup>
Haoran Zhao<sup>‡†</sup>
Guochang Zhang<sup>‡</sup>
Runqiang Han<sup>‡</sup><br>
Jianqiang Wei<sup>‡*</sup>
Yuexian Zou<sup>★*</sup>
</i>
</p>
<p align="center" style="font-family:'Georgia','Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#000; line-height:1.4;">
<sup>‡</sup> Audio Innovation Technology Department, Anker Inc, Beijing, China<br>
<sup>★</sup> Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra High Definition Immersive Media Technology,<br>
Peking University, Shenzhen, China
</p>
<p align="center" style="font-family:'Georgia','Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#000;">
<sup>†</sup> Equal contribution.
<sup>*</sup> Corresponding authors.
</p>
<br>
<table align=center width=500px>
<center>
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21196"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon" style="color: black;">
<i class="fa fa-file-text" aria-hidden="true"></i>
</span>
<span style="font-size:22px; color: black; font-family: georgian;"><b>Paper</b></span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="link-block">
<a href="#"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon" style="color: black;">
<i class="fa fa-github"></i>
</span>
<span style="font-size:22px; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia', serif;"><b>Code</b></span>
</a>
</span>
</center>
</table>
<br>
<section itemprop="entry-text">
<table class="table" align="center" style="table-layout: fixed; word-break:break-word">
<th>
<h2 id="abstract">
<center>
<h1>Abstract</h1>
</center>
</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify; color:black;font-family: georgian;">
<font>
This paper presents PhoenixCodec, a comprehensive neural speech coding and decoding framework designed for extremely low-resource conditions.
The proposed system integrates an optimized asymmetric frequency-time architecture,
a Cyclical Calibration and Refinement (CCR) training strategy,
and a noise-invariant fine-tuning procedure.
Under stringent constraints—computation
below 700 MFLOPs, latency less than 30 ms,
and dual-rate support at 1 kbps and 6 kbps
—existing methods face a trade-off between efficiency and quality.
PhoenixCodec addresses these challenges by alleviating the resource-scattering
of conventional decoders, employing CCR to escape local optima,
and enhancing robustness through noisy-sample fine-tuning.
In the LRAC 2025 Challenge Track 1,
the proposed system <strong>ranked third overall</strong>
and demonstrated <strong>the best performance</strong> at 1 kbps
in both <em>real-world noise and reverberation</em> and <em>intelligibility in clean</em> tests,
confirming its effectiveness.
</font>
</p>
</th>
</table>
<table class="table" align="center" style="table-layout: fixed;word-break:break-word">
<th style="border: None;">
<h2 id="graph">
<center>
<h1>Model Architecture</h1>
</center>
</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify; color:black;font-family: georgian;">
<font>
We propose a frequency–time domain fusion end-to-end audio codec that achieves high-quality speech transmission under strict resource constraints.
The overall architecture, illustrated in Figure 1, consists of a frequency-domain encoder, a residual vector quantizer (RVQ), and a time-domain decoder.
The input audio is first transformed into an amplitude spectrogram via short-time Fourier transform (STFT).
<br><br>
The frequency-domain encoder, built upon SpecTokenizer, employs a complex convolution layer followed by four cascaded FdownBlocks and RNNBlocks to extract and compress spectral features.
Each FdownBlock combines a 2D convolution with Snake2D activation to enhance harmonic-structure modeling,
while each RNNBlock integrates FLNorm, Tanh, GRU, 2D convolution, and Snake2D activation with residual connections to maintain stable gradient flow and preserve feature fidelity.
<br><br>
The latent representation is subsequently quantized by the RVQ module and passed to a BigCodec-based time-domain decoder.
This decoder comprises a 1D convolution, a unidirectional LSTM with residual connections,
four sequential DecoderBlocks, Snake1D activation, an output 1D convolution, and Tanh activation.
Each DecoderBlock contains Snake1D activation, a 1D transposed convolution for upsampling, and several ResidualBlocks.
Each ResidualBlock consists of two 1D convolutions with different kernel sizes and Snake1D activations,
coupled with a residual connection at the end, thereby improving high-frequency detail restoration and spatial perceptual quality in waveform reconstruction.
<br><br>
Model training adopts a multi-objective loss function, including multi-scale mel-spectrogram loss, VQ quantization loss, and GAN-based adversarial loss.
During adversarial training, a Multi-Period Discriminator (MPD) and Multi-Resolution Discriminator (MRD) are employed jointly to constrain both time-domain details and spectral textures,
significantly enhancing mid-to-high frequency energy reproduction and naturalness.
As a result, the proposed system delivers high-fidelity speech reconstruction that combines audio quality and intelligibility under low-latency and low-bitrate conditions.
</font>
</p>
<figure>
<p align="center">
<img src="./figs/codec_architecture.png" style="width: 80%; max-width: 1000px;" class="center" />
</p>
<figcaption>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
<center>
<font color="061E61"><b>Figure 1.</b> Framework of the proposed model.</font>
</center>
</p>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</th>
</table>
<table class="table" align="center" style="table-layout: fixed;word-break:break-word">
<th style="border: None;">
<h2 id="experiments">
<center>
<h1>EXPERIMENTS</h1>
</center>
</h2>
<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 15px;">Datasets</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; color:black;font-family: georgian;">
<font>
All training data in this study are sourced from the official
LRAC2025 dataset and underwent rigorous filtering and preprocessing prior to use. For noise data, labels were predicted
using a pre-trained audio understanding model, and any non-pure noise samples containing speech were removed to ensure
clean noise content. For reverberation data, room impulse responses (RIRs) were truncated before convolution, retaining
only the 1 ms segment following the peak. This reduces long-tail decay that can impair speech clarity while preserving spatial characteristics.
<br><br>
Based on this, we applied a data augmentation strategy by
mixing clean, noisy, and reverberant speech in a 1:1:1 ratio. In
noise mixing, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was uniformly
sampled within the range of 10–30 dB to increase acoustic diversity.
<br><br>
Model evaluation was conducted on an open test set from
the same source, with inference performed directly on the
original official data without additional processing, and performance tested at both 1 kbps and 6 kbps bitrates.
</font>
</p>
<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 20px;">Implementation Details</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; color:black;font-family: georgian;">
<font>
The proposed model has an overall computational complexity of 698 M FLOPs and 1.48 M parameters, with the encoder
and RVQ module accounting for 399 M FLOPs and 1.17 M
parameters, and the decoder for 299 M FLOPs and 0.32 M parameters. The system operates at a sampling rate of 24 kHz,
with a frame length of 720 samples and a frame shift of 288
samples (approximately 83 Hz frame rate). In the STFT computation, only frequency bins 0–240 (0–8kHz) are used, effectively yielding a 24kHz to 16 kHz downsampling without
introducing additional latency.
<br><br>
The encoder employs convolution kernels and strides of
1, introducing no additional latency. The decoder primarily
uses causal convolutions and causal transposed convolutions,
but non-causal convolutions are applied in specific positions
to enhance reconstruction quality: the first convolution layer
in the decoder (kernel = 1, stride = 1), the first convolution
layer within repeated ResidualBlocks (kernel sizes = [7, 9, 9,
11], stride = 1), and the final convolution layer in the decoder
(kernel = 7, stride = 1). These designs significantly improve
mid-to-high frequency detail within the latency budget. The
end-to-end latency is determined by both the STFT window
length and the non-causal convolutions, and is kept within 30 ms overall.
<br><br>
To convert the 16 kHz audio output of the decoder to
24 kHz without noticeably increasing latency, we use a
fractional-rate resampling strategy. First, the signal is upsampled by a factor of three using zero-insertion. Next, the
spectral images introduced by zero-insertion are removed
with an 11th-order IIR Butterworth low-pass filter with an 8
kHz cutoff frequency. Finally, the signal is downsampled by
a factor of two to reach the target sampling rate. Compared
to an FIR-based approach, this IIR design exhibits a maximum passband group delay of only 8 samples near 8 kHz,
making it well-suited for real-time applications. The latency
breakdown is shown in Table 2.
</font>
</p>
<figure>
<table class="table" align="center" style="width: 90%; margin: 20px auto; border-top: 2px solid black; border-bottom: 2px solid black; table-layout: auto;">
<caption style="caption-side: top; text-align: center; color: black; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px;">
<font style="font-family: georgian; font-size: 19px;"><b>Table 2.</b> Latency breakdown of the proposed system.</font>
</caption>
<thead style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left; font-family: georgian; padding: 8px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px;">Source</th>
<th style="text-align: left; font-family: georgian; padding: 8px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px;">Samples</th>
<th style="text-align: left; font-family: georgian; padding: 8px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px;">Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">STFT hopsize</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">192 @ 16kHz</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">Frame shift</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">Decoder Residual Units</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">272 @ 16kHz</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">64 × 3 + 16 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 1 × 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">Final decoder convolution</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">3 @ 16kHz</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">Kernel size = 7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">Resampling delay</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">8 @ 24kHz</td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;">Maximum group delay of the IIR filter</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-top: 1px solid black;">
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;"><b>Total (24kHz)</b></td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;"><b>716 @ 24kHz (29.83 ms)</b></td>
<td style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;"><b>472 × 3/2 + 8</b></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<p style="text-align: justify; color:black;font-family: georgian;">
<font>
The RVQ module consists of six codebooks, each containing 4096 entries (indexed with 12-bit codes) and a vector
dimension of 8. During inference, either 1 codebook (for 1
kbps) or all 6 codebooks (for 6 kbps) can be selected, enabling
operation at two different bitrates. The encoder channel configuration is [32, 32, 32, 128, 335], with time-axis kernel sizes
and strides of [1, 1, 1, 1] and frequency-axis kernel sizes and
strides of [5, 4, 4, 3]. The decoder channels are [117, 58, 29,
14, 7], with upsampling rates of [3, 4, 4, 4]. For the discriminators, the MPD uses periods [2, 3, 5, 7, 11], and the MRD
operates with window sizes [128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048].
<br><br>
For optimization, both the generator and discriminators
use an initial learning rate of 8 × 10<sup>−4</sup> during the Mel stage
and 1 × 10<sup>−4</sup> during the GAN stage, gradually reduced to
1 × 10<sup>−5</sup>
. Adam is used throughout all training stages.
<br><br>
<b>Checkpoint Selection Strategy:</b> For system submission, we performed subjective listening evaluations on multiple models from different training stages using the open test set, selecting the checkpoint that yielded the best combination of
audio quality and fine-detail reproduction as the final competition version.
</font>
</p>
</th>
</table>
<table class="table" align="center" style="table-layout: fixed;word-break:break-word">
<th>
<h2 id="graph">
<center>
<h1>Performance Comparison</h1>
</center>
</h2>
<div class="table-container">
<figure>
<table class="table" align="center" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 20px; border-top: 2px solid black; border-bottom: 2px solid black; word-break: normal;">
<caption style="caption-side: top; text-align: center; color: black; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px;">
<font style="font-family: georgian; font-size: 19px;"><b>Table 3.</b> Final Results of the LRAC 2025 Challenge (Track 1).</font>
</caption>
<style>
.perf-th {
text-align: center;
font-family: georgian;
padding: 6px;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 15px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
vertical-align: middle !important;
}
.perf-td {
text-align: center;
font-family: georgian;
padding: 6px;
font-size: 15px;
vertical-align: middle !important;
}
</style>
<thead style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;">
<th class="perf-th" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">Test Type</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">Clean speech</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">Real-world light noise<br>and reverb</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">Simultaneous<br>talkers</th>
<th class="perf-th">Intelligibility<br>in clean</th>
<th class="perf-th">Aggregate<br>Score</th>
<th class="perf-th" style="width: 5%;"></th>
</tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;">
<th class="perf-th" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">Scale</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">MUSHRA [0, 100]</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">DMOS [1, 5]</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">DMOS [1, 5]</th>
<th class="perf-th">DRT score [-100, 100]</th>
<th class="perf-th" style="font-size: 11px;">Weighted sum of normalized test<br> mean scores [0, 100]</th>
<th class="perf-th"></th>
</tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;">
<th class="perf-th" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">Weight</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">20%</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">20%</th>
<th class="perf-th" colspan="2">5%</th>
<th class="perf-th">10%</th>
<th class="perf-th">100%</th>
<th class="perf-th"></th>
</tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">
<th class="perf-th" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">Bitrate Mode</th>
<th class="perf-th">ULBR</th>
<th class="perf-th">LBR</th>
<th class="perf-th">ULBR</th>
<th class="perf-th">LBR</th>
<th class="perf-th">ULBR</th>
<th class="perf-th">LBR</th>
<th class="perf-th">ULBR</th>
<th class="perf-th">Final Score</th>
<th class="perf-th">Overall<br>Rank</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td class="perf-td" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">teamwzqaq</td>
<td class="perf-td">62.65</td>
<td class="perf-td">81.75</td>
<td class="perf-td">3.02</td>
<td class="perf-td">4.44</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.82</td>
<td class="perf-td">4.35</td>
<td class="perf-td">85.43</td>
<td class="perf-td">71.91</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="perf-td" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">nano-codec</td>
<td class="perf-td">59.23</td>
<td class="perf-td">81.17</td>
<td class="perf-td">3.13</td>
<td class="perf-td">4.44</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.60</td>
<td class="perf-td">4.22</td>
<td class="perf-td">78.12</td>
<td class="perf-td">70.86</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;">2</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f0f8ff;">
<td class="perf-td" style="text-align: left; font-weight: bold; min-width: 160px;">PhoenixCodec</td>
<td class="perf-td">60.90</td>
<td class="perf-td">80.69</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>3.40</strong></td>
<td class="perf-td">4.16</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.08</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.98</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>85.57</strong></td>
<td class="perf-td">69.22</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;">3</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td class="perf-td" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">nju-aalab</td>
<td class="perf-td">65.20</td>
<td class="perf-td">89.19</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.74</td>
<td class="perf-td">4.12</td>
<td class="perf-td">1.70</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.82</td>
<td class="perf-td">82.98</td>
<td class="perf-td">67.48</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="perf-td" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">boya-audio</td>
<td class="perf-td">35.22</td>
<td class="perf-td">77.24</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.21</td>
<td class="perf-td">4.30</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.03</td>
<td class="perf-td">4.26</td>
<td class="perf-td">80.29</td>
<td class="perf-td">59.42</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;">5</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td class="perf-td" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">pdura7</td>
<td class="perf-td">42.75</td>
<td class="perf-td">62.56</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.30</td>
<td class="perf-td">3.29</td>
<td class="perf-td">1.68</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.05</td>
<td class="perf-td">75.34</td>
<td class="perf-td">49.94</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="perf-td" style="text-align: left; min-width: 160px;">lrac-challenge</td>
<td class="perf-td">17.92</td>
<td class="perf-td">74.28</td>
<td class="perf-td">1.31</td>
<td class="perf-td">3.35</td>
<td class="perf-td">1.26</td>
<td class="perf-td">2.20</td>
<td class="perf-td">75.90</td>
<td class="perf-td">42.36</td>
<td class="perf-td" style="font-weight: bold;">7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
</div>
</th>
</table>
<th style="border: None;">
<h2 id="audio-examples">
<center>
<h1>Audio Examples</h1>
</center>
</h2>
<h3 style="color: black; margin-top: 25px; text-align: left;">Clean Speech</h3>
<div class="table-container">
<table class="table" style="word-break: break-word;">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">Ground Truth</font></th>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">PhoenixCodec (6kbps)</font></th>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">PhoenixCodec (1kbps)</font></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_017_m" src="figs/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_017_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_017_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_017_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_017_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_017_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_017_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_017_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_017_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_020_m" src="figs/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_020_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_020_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_020_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_020_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_020_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_020_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_020_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_020_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_037_m" src="figs/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_037_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_037_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_037_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_037_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_037_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_037_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_037_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_037_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_039_m" src="figs/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_039_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_039_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_039_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_039_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_039_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_039_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_039_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_039_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_041_m" src="figs/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_041_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/clean/clean_subj_english_041_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_041_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_041_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_041_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of clean_subj_english_041_m" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_041_m.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/clean/clean_subj_english_041_m.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3 style="color: black; margin-top: 25px; text-align: left;">DRT English Clean</h3>
<div class="table-container">
<table class="table" style="word-break: break-word; width: 67%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">Ground Truth</font></th>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">PhoenixCodec (1kbps)</font></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of back_A33X52IN60MSOE_e2d4cdf13909446b84820f1f9c8290cb" src="figs/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/back_A33X52IN60MSOE_e2d4cdf13909446b84820f1f9c8290cb.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/back_A33X52IN60MSOE_e2d4cdf13909446b84820f1f9c8290cb.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of back_A33X52IN60MSOE_e2d4cdf13909446b84820f1f9c8290cb" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/back_A33X52IN60MSOE_e2d4cdf13909446b84820f1f9c8290cb.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/back_A33X52IN60MSOE_e2d4cdf13909446b84820f1f9c8290cb.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of back_A3TDPXTB6Y6H1I_5e3c18205cee4761a322322b7e5cd0da" src="figs/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/back_A3TDPXTB6Y6H1I_5e3c18205cee4761a322322b7e5cd0da.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/back_A3TDPXTB6Y6H1I_5e3c18205cee4761a322322b7e5cd0da.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of back_A3TDPXTB6Y6H1I_5e3c18205cee4761a322322b7e5cd0da" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/back_A3TDPXTB6Y6H1I_5e3c18205cee4761a322322b7e5cd0da.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/back_A3TDPXTB6Y6H1I_5e3c18205cee4761a322322b7e5cd0da.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of bad_A1SHLWKA0UH1IS_934363b93be24ee682e48e5118af2020" src="figs/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/bad_A1SHLWKA0UH1IS_934363b93be24ee682e48e5118af2020.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/bad_A1SHLWKA0UH1IS_934363b93be24ee682e48e5118af2020.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of bad_A1SHLWKA0UH1IS_934363b93be24ee682e48e5118af2020" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/bad_A1SHLWKA0UH1IS_934363b93be24ee682e48e5118af2020.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/bad_A1SHLWKA0UH1IS_934363b93be24ee682e48e5118af2020.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of bad_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_9f63688481ca40ff99bcd0465bdf7b13" src="figs/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/bad_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_9f63688481ca40ff99bcd0465bdf7b13.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/bad_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_9f63688481ca40ff99bcd0465bdf7b13.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of bad_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_9f63688481ca40ff99bcd0465bdf7b13" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/bad_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_9f63688481ca40ff99bcd0465bdf7b13.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/bad_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_9f63688481ca40ff99bcd0465bdf7b13.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of bag_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_46fea23f510543c8808326780a9e2d9e" src="figs/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/bag_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_46fea23f510543c8808326780a9e2d9e.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/drt_en_clean/bag_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_46fea23f510543c8808326780a9e2d9e.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of bag_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_46fea23f510543c8808326780a9e2d9e" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/bag_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_46fea23f510543c8808326780a9e2d9e.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/drt_en_clean/bag_A2ER0EVZ7E1Z8G_46fea23f510543c8808326780a9e2d9e.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3 style="color: black; margin-top: 25px; text-align: left;">Real-world Noise</h3>
<div class="table-container">
<table class="table" style="word-break: break-word;">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">Ground Truth</font></th>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">PhoenixCodec (6kbps)</font></th>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">PhoenixCodec (1kbps)</font></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_001" src="figs/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_001.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_001.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_001" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_001.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_001.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_001" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_001.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_001.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_002" src="figs/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_002.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_002.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_002" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_002.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_002.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_002" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_002.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_002.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_003" src="figs/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_003.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_003.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_003" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_003.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_003.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_003" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_003.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_003.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_004" src="figs/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_004.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_004.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_004" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_004.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_004.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_004" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_004.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_004.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_005" src="figs/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_005.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/realworld/realworld_data_005.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_005" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_005.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/realworld/realworld_data_005.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of realworld_data_005" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_005.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/realworld/realworld_data_005.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3 style="color: black; margin-top: 25px; text-align: left;">Simultaneous Talkers</h3>
<div class="table-container">
<table class="table" style="word-break: break-word;">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">Ground Truth</font></th>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">PhoenixCodec (6kbps)</font></th>
<th style="text-align: center;"><font color="061E61">PhoenixCodec (1kbps)</font></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_001" src="figs/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_001.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_001.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_001" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_001.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_001.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_001" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_001.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_001.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_002" src="figs/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_002.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_002.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_002" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_002.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_002.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_002" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_002.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_002.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_003" src="figs/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_003.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_003.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_003" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_003.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_003.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_003" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_003.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_003.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_004" src="figs/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_004.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_004.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_004" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_004.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_004.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_004" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_004.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_004.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_005" src="figs/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_005.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/groundtruth/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_005.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_005" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_005.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_6kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_005.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
<td>
<img alt="Spectrogram of simultaneous_talkers_005" src="figs/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_005.png" />
<audio controls style="width: 100%;"><source src="audios/PhoenixCodec_1kbps/simultaneous_talkers/simultaneous_talkers_005.wav" type="audio/wav" /></audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</th>
<hr>
<br></br>
</section>
</article>
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