example.bib

@ARTICLE{Sparby2024-la,
  title     = "Toward a unified account of advanced concentrative absorption
               meditation: A systematic definition and classification of jhāna",
  author    = "Sparby, Terje and Sacchet, Matthew D",
  journal   = "Mindfulness (N. Y.)",
  publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  volume    =  15,
  number    =  6,
  pages     = "1375--1394",
  abstract  = "Abstract Objectives The jhānas are series of advanced
               concentrative absorption meditative (ACAM) states brought about
               by meditation. While previously cultivated mostly in monastic
               settings, a series of modern meditation manuals both openly
               discuss the jhānas and describe how they may be attained by
               laypeople. Simultaneously, the phenomenological and
               neuroscientific investigation of the jhānas is advancing.
               Although the descriptions of the jhānas in contemporary jhāna
               manuals to some degree overlap with one another, there are also
               significant disagreements. Here our objectives are to identify
               common features of jhāna in meditation manuals, to identify and
               discuss disagreements, and to offer an account of jhāna that is
               both comprehensive and consistent. Methods A literature search
               and review was conducted. The search resulted in eight meditation
               manuals that provide phenomenologically rich accounts of the full
               range of the jhānas. Common characteristics and discrepancies in
               the different accounts of the jhānas have been identified by
               comparing terms and descriptions. Results We offer a general
               definition of jhāna, distinguish three types of jhāna, and
               investigate phenomenological dimensions that may be necessary to
               address in order to comprehensively articulate the experience of
               ACAM. Conclusions To ensure scientific rigor, the study of jhāna
               needs to be informed by both commonalities and differences in the
               existing accounts of jhāna. While differences exist, these may
               also be systematically unified in a way that yields a
               comprehensive account of ACAM.",
  month     =  "22~" # jun,
  year      =  2024,
  keywords  = "RePhD;fMRI Attention;jhana;meditation",
  doi       = "10.1007/s12671-024-02367-w",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Ganesan2024-ej,
  title     = "Within-subject reliability of brain networks during advanced
               meditation: An intensively sampled 7 Tesla {MRI} case study",
  author    = "Ganesan, Saampras and Yang, Winson F Z and Chowdhury, Avijit and
               Zalesky, Andrew and Sacchet, Matthew D",
  journal   = "Hum. Brain Mapp.",
  publisher = "Wiley",
  volume    =  45,
  number    =  7,
  pages     = "e26666",
  abstract  = "Advanced meditation such as jhana meditation can produce various
               altered states of consciousness (jhanas) and cultivate rewarding
               psychological qualities including joy, peace, compassion, and
               attentional stability. Mapping the neurobiological substrates of
               jhana meditation can inform the development and application of
               advanced meditation to enhance well-being. Only two prior studies
               have attempted to investigate the neural correlates of jhana
               meditation, and the rarity of adept practitioners has largely
               restricted the size and extent of these studies. Therefore,
               examining the consistency and reliability of observed brain
               responses associated with jhana meditation can be valuable. In
               this study, we aimed to characterize functional magnetic
               resonance imaging (fMRI) reliability within a single subject over
               repeated runs in canonical brain networks during jhana meditation
               performed by an adept practitioner over 5 days (27 fMRI runs)
               inside an ultra-high field 7 Tesla MRI scanner. We found that
               thalamus and several cortical networks, that is, the somatomotor,
               limbic, default-mode, control, and temporo-parietal, demonstrated
               good within-subject reliability across all jhanas. Additionally,
               we found that several other relevant brain networks (e.g.,
               attention, salience) showed noticeable increases in reliability
               when fMRI measurements were adjusted for variability in
               self-reported phenomenology related to jhana meditation. Overall,
               we present a preliminary template of reliable brain areas likely
               underpinning core neurocognitive elements of jhana meditation,
               and highlight the utility of neurophenomenological experimental
               designs for better characterizing neuronal variability associated
               with advanced meditative states.",
  month     =  "1~" # may,
  year      =  2024,
  keywords  = "7 T functional MRI; advanced meditation; consciousness;
               intraclass correlation (ICC); jhana; neurophenomenology;
               within-subject reliability;RePhD;fMRI Attention;jhana;meditation",
  doi       = "10.1002/hbm.26666",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Yang2024-kw,
  title     = "Intensive whole-brain {7T} {MRI} case study of volitional control
               of brain activity in deep absorptive meditation states",
  author    = "Yang, Winson Fu Zun and Chowdhury, Avijit and Bianciardi, Marta
               and van Lutterveld, Remko and Sparby, Terje and Sacchet, Matthew
               D",
  journal   = "Cereb. Cortex",
  publisher = "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
  volume    =  34,
  number    =  1,
  pages     = "bhad408",
  abstract  = "Jhanas are profound states of mind achieved through advanced
               meditation, offering valuable insights into the nature of
               consciousness and tools to enhance well-being. Yet, its
               neurophenomenology remains limited due to methodological
               difficulties and the rarity of advanced meditation practitioners.
               We conducted a highly exploratory study to investigate the
               neurophenomenology of jhanas in an intensively sampled adept
               meditator case study (4 hr 7T fMRI collected in 27 sessions) who
               performed jhana meditation and rated specific aspects of
               experience immediately thereafter. Linear mixed models and
               correlations were used to examine relations among brain activity
               and jhana phenomenology. We identified distinctive patterns of
               brain activity in specific cortical, subcortical, brainstem, and
               cerebellar regions associated with jhana. Furthermore, we
               observed correlations between brain activity and phenomenological
               qualities of attention, jhanic qualities, and narrative
               processing, highlighting the distinct nature of jhanas compared
               to non-meditative states. Our study presents the most rigorous
               evidence yet that jhana practice deconstructs consciousness,
               offering unique insights into consciousness and significant
               implications for mental health and well-being.",
  month     =  "14~" # jan,
  year      =  2024,
  keywords  = "7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); advanced
               meditation; brainstem and thalamus; consciousness;
               neurophenomenology;RePhD;fMRI Attention;jhana;meditation",
  doi       = "10.1093/cercor/bhad408",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Yeo2011-kp,
  title     = "The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by
               intrinsic functional connectivity",
  author    = "Yeo, B T Thomas and Krienen, Fenna M and Sepulcre, Jorge and
               Sabuncu, Mert R and Lashkari, Danial and Hollinshead, Marisa and
               Roffman, Joshua L and Smoller, Jordan W and Zöllei, Lilla and
               Polimeni, Jonathan R and Fischl, Bruce and Liu, Hesheng and
               Buckner, Randy L",
  journal   = "J. Neurophysiol.",
  publisher = "American Physiological Society",
  volume    =  106,
  number    =  3,
  pages     = "1125--1165",
  abstract  = "Information processing in the cerebral cortex involves
               interactions among distributed areas. Anatomical connectivity
               suggests that certain areas form local hierarchical relations
               such as within the visual system. Other connectivity patterns,
               particularly among association areas, suggest the presence of
               large-scale circuits without clear hierarchical relations. In
               this study the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was
               explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Data
               from 1,000 subjects were registered using surface-based
               alignment. A clustering approach was employed to identify and
               replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the
               cerebral cortex. The results revealed local networks confined to
               sensory and motor cortices as well as distributed networks of
               association regions. Within the sensory and motor cortices,
               functional connectivity followed topographic representations
               across adjacent areas. In association cortex, the connectivity
               patterns often showed abrupt transitions between network
               boundaries. Focused analyses were performed to better understand
               properties of network connectivity. A canonical sensory-motor
               pathway involving primary visual area, putative middle temporal
               area complex (MT+), lateral intraparietal area, and frontal eye
               field was analyzed to explore how interactions might arise within
               and between networks. Results showed that adjacent regions of the
               MT+ complex demonstrate differential connectivity consistent with
               a hierarchical pathway that spans networks. The functional
               connectivity of parietal and prefrontal association cortices was
               next explored. Distinct connectivity profiles of neighboring
               regions suggest they participate in distributed networks that,
               while showing evidence for interactions, are embedded within
               largely parallel, interdigitated circuits. We conclude by
               discussing the organization of these large-scale cerebral
               networks in relation to monkey anatomy and their potential
               evolutionary expansion in humans to support cognition.",
  month     =  sep,
  year      =  2011,
  keywords  = "RePhD",
  doi       = "10.1152/jn.00338.2011",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2021-gm,
  title     = "Longitudinal effects of meditation on brain resting-state
               functional connectivity",
  author    = "Zhang, Zongpai and Luh, Wen-Ming and Duan, Wenna and Zhou, Grace
               D and Weinschenk, George and Anderson, Adam K and Dai, Weiying",
  journal   = "Sci. Rep.",
  publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  volume    =  11,
  number    =  1,
  pages     =  11361,
  abstract  = "Changes in brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC)
               were investigated using a longitudinal design by following a
               2-month focused attention meditation (FAM) practice and analyzing
               their association with FAM practice time. Ten novice meditators
               were recruited from a university meditation course. Participants
               were scanned with a resting-state fMRI sequence with multi-echo
               EPI acquisition at baseline and at the 2-month follow-up. Total
               FAM practice time was calculated from the daily log of the
               participants. We observed significantly increased rsFC between
               the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and dorsal attention network
               (DAN), the right middle temporal (RMT) region and default mode
               network (DMN), the left and right superior parietal lobules
               (LSPL/RSPL) and DMN, and the LSPL/RSPL and DAN. Furthermore, the
               rsFC between the LSPL and medial prefrontal cortex was
               significantly associated with the FAM practice time. These
               results demonstrate increased connectivity within the DAN,
               between the DMN and DAN, and between the DMN and visual cortex.
               These findings demonstrate that FAM can enhance the brain
               connection among and within brain networks, especially DMN and
               DAN, indicating potential effect of FAM on fast switching between
               mind wandering and focused attention and maintaining attention
               once in the attentive state.",
  month     =  "31~" # may,
  year      =  2021,
  keywords  = "RePhD;meditation",
  doi       = "10.1038/s41598-021-90729-y",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Garrison2015-gi,
  title    = "Meditation leads to reduced default mode network activity beyond
              an active task",
  author   = "Garrison, Kathleen A and Zeffiro, Thomas A and Scheinost, Dustin
              and Constable, R Todd and Brewer, Judson A",
  journal  = "Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.",
  volume   =  15,
  number   =  3,
  pages    = "712--720",
  abstract = "Meditation has been associated with relatively reduced activity in
              the default mode network, a brain network implicated in
              self-related thinking and mind wandering. However, previous
              imaging studies have typically compared meditation to rest,
              despite other studies having reported differences in brain
              activation patterns between meditators and controls at rest.
              Moreover, rest is associated with a range of brain activation
              patterns across individuals that has only recently begun to be
              better characterized. Therefore, in this study we compared
              meditation to another active cognitive task, both to replicate the
              findings that meditation is associated with relatively reduced
              default mode network activity and to extend these findings by
              testing whether default mode activity was reduced during
              meditation, beyond the typical reductions observed during
              effortful tasks. In addition, prior studies had used small groups,
              whereas in the present study we tested these hypotheses in a
              larger group. The results indicated that meditation is associated
              with reduced activations in the default mode network, relative to
              an active task, for meditators as compared to controls. Regions of
              the default mode network showing a Group × Task interaction
              included the posterior cingulate/precuneus and anterior cingulate
              cortex. These findings replicate and extend prior work indicating
              that the suppression of default mode processing may represent a
              central neural process in long-term meditation, and they suggest
              that meditation leads to relatively reduced default mode
              processing beyond that observed during another active cognitive
              task.",
  month    =  sep,
  year     =  2015,
  keywords = "RePhD;meditation;DMN",
  doi      = "10.3758/s13415-015-0358-3",
  language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Lutz2015-xi,
  title     = "Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness-related
               practices from a neurocognitive perspective",
  author    = "Lutz, Antoine and Jha, Amishi P and Dunne, John D and Saron,
               Clifford D",
  journal   = "Am. Psychol.",
  publisher = "American Psychological Association (APA)",
  volume    =  70,
  number    =  7,
  pages     = "632--658",
  abstract  = "There has been a great increase in literature concerned with the
               effects of a variety of mental training regimes that generally
               fall within what might be called contemplative practices, and a
               majority of these studies have focused on mindfulness.
               Mindfulness meditation practices can be conceptualized as a set
               of attention-based, regulatory, and self-inquiry training regimes
               cultivated for various ends, including wellbeing and
               psychological health. This article examines the construct of
               mindfulness in psychological research and reviews recent,
               nonclinical work in this area. Instead of proposing a single
               definition of mindfulness, we interpret it as a continuum of
               practices involving states and processes that can be mapped into
               a multidimensional phenomenological matrix which itself can be
               expressed in a neurocognitive framework. This phenomenological
               matrix of mindfulness is presented as a heuristic to guide
               formulation of next-generation research hypotheses from both
               cognitive/behavioral and neuroscientific perspectives. In
               relation to this framework, we review selected findings on
               mindfulness cultivated through practices in traditional and
               research settings, and we conclude by identifying significant
               gaps in the literature and outline new directions for research.",
  month     =  oct,
  year      =  2015,
  keywords  = "RePhD;meditation",
  doi       = "10.1037/a0039585",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Lutz2008-ni,
  title     = "Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation",
  author    = "Lutz, Antoine and Slagter, Heleen A and Dunne, John D and
               Davidson, Richard J",
  journal   = "Trends Cogn. Sci.",
  publisher = "Elsevier BV",
  volume    =  12,
  number    =  4,
  pages     = "163--169",
  abstract  = "Meditation can be conceptualized as a family of complex emotional
               and attentional regulatory training regimes developed for various
               ends, including the cultivation of well-being and emotional
               balance. Among these various practices, there are two styles that
               are commonly studied. One style, focused attention meditation,
               entails the voluntary focusing of attention on a chosen object.
               The other style, open monitoring meditation, involves nonreactive
               monitoring of the content of experience from moment to moment.
               The potential regulatory functions of these practices on
               attention and emotion processes could have a long-term impact on
               the brain and behavior.",
  month     =  apr,
  year      =  2008,
  keywords  = "RePhD;meditation;attention",
  doi       = "10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Tang2015-tw,
  title     = "The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation",
  author    = "Tang, Yi-Yuan and Hölzel, Britta K and Posner, Michael I",
  journal   = "Nat. Rev. Neurosci.",
  publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  volume    =  16,
  number    =  4,
  pages     = "213--225",
  abstract  = "Research over the past two decades broadly supports the claim
               that mindfulness meditation - practiced widely for the reduction
               of stress and promotion of health - exerts beneficial effects on
               physical and mental health, and cognitive performance. Recent
               neuroimaging studies have begun to uncover the brain areas and
               networks that mediate these positive effects. However, the
               underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear, and it is apparent
               that more methodologically rigorous studies are required if we
               are to gain a full understanding of the neuronal and molecular
               bases of the changes in the brain that accompany mindfulness
               meditation.",
  month     =  apr,
  year      =  2015,
  keywords  = "RePhD;meditation",
  doi       = "10.1038/nrn3916",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Brewer2011-le,
  title     = "Meditation experience is associated with differences in default
               mode network activity and connectivity",
  author    = "Brewer, Judson A and Worhunsky, Patrick D and Gray, Jeremy R and
               Tang, Yi-Yuan and Weber, Jochen and Kober, Hedy",
  journal   = "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.",
  publisher = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
  volume    =  108,
  number    =  50,
  pages     = "20254--20259",
  abstract  = "Many philosophical and contemplative traditions teach that
               ``living in the moment'' increases happiness. However, the
               default mode of humans appears to be that of mind-wandering,
               which correlates with unhappiness, and with activation in a
               network of brain areas associated with self-referential
               processing. We investigated brain activity in experienced
               meditators and matched meditation-naive controls as they
               performed several different meditations (Concentration,
               Loving-Kindness, Choiceless Awareness). We found that the main
               nodes of the default-mode network (medial prefrontal and
               posterior cingulate cortices) were relatively deactivated in
               experienced meditators across all meditation types. Furthermore,
               functional connectivity analysis revealed stronger coupling in
               experienced meditators between the posterior cingulate, dorsal
               anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (regions
               previously implicated in self-monitoring and cognitive control),
               both at baseline and during meditation. Our findings demonstrate
               differences in the default-mode network that are consistent with
               decreased mind-wandering. As such, these provide a unique
               understanding of possible neural mechanisms of meditation.",
  month     =  "13~" # dec,
  year      =  2011,
  keywords  = "2024-08-5-hedy-kober;RePhD;meditation",
  doi       = "10.1073/pnas.1112029108",
  language  = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Hagerty2013-en,
  title    = "Case Study of Ecstatic Meditation: {fMRI} and {EEG} Evidence of
              Self-Stimulating a Reward System",
  author   = "Hagerty, M and Isaacs, J and Brasington, Leigh and Shupe, L and
              Fetz, E and Cramer, S",
  journal  = "Neural Plast.",
  volume   =  2013,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "We report the first neural recording during ecstatic meditations
              called jhanas and test whether a brain reward system plays a role
              in the joy reported. Jhanas are Altered States of Consciousness
              (ASC) that imply major brain changes based on subjective reports:
              (1) external awareness dims, (2) internal verbalizations fade, (3)
              the sense of personal boundaries is altered, (4) attention is
              highly focused on the object of meditation, and (5) joy increases
              to high levels. The fMRI and EEG results from an experienced
              meditator show changes in brain activity in 11 regions shown to be
              associated with the subjective reports, and these changes occur
              promptly after jhana is entered. In particular, the extreme joy is
              associated not only with activation of cortical processes but also
              with activation of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the
              dopamine/opioid reward system. We test three mechanisms by which
              the subject might stimulate his own reward system by external
              means and reject all three. Taken together, these results
              demonstrate an apparently novel method of self-stimulating a brain
              reward system using only internal mental processes in a highly
              trained subject.",
  year     =  2013,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation;jhana",
  doi      = "10.1155/2013/653572"
}

@ARTICLE{Hinterberger2014-kc,
  title    = "Decreased electrophysiological activity represents the conscious
              state of emptiness in meditation",
  author   = "Hinterberger, T and Schmidt, S and Kamei, T and Walach, H",
  journal  = "Front. Psychol.",
  volume   =  5,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "Many neuroscientific theories explain consciousness with higher
              order information processing corresponding to an activation of
              specific brain areas and processes. In contrast, most forms of
              meditation ask for a down-regulation of certain mental processing
              activities while remaining fully conscious. To identify the
              physiological properties of conscious states with decreased mental
              and cognitive processing, the electrical brain activity (64
              channels of EEG) of 50 participants of various meditation
              proficiencies was measured during distinct and idiosyncratic
              meditative tasks. The tasks comprised a wakeful “thoughtless
              emptiness (TE),” a “focused attention,” and an “open monitoring”
              task asking for mindful presence in the moment and in the
              environment without attachment to distracting thoughts. Our
              analysis mainly focused on 30 highly experienced meditators with
              at least 5 years and 1000 h of meditation experience. Spectral EEG
              power comparisons of the TE state with the resting state or other
              forms of meditation showed decreased activities in specific
              frequency bands. In contrast to a focused attention task the TE
              task showed significant central and parietal gamma decreases (p <
              0.05). Compared to open monitoring TE expressed decreased alpha
              and beta amplitudes, mainly in parietal areas (p < 0.01). TE
              presented significantly less delta (p < 0.001) and theta (p <
              0.05) waves than a wakeful closed eyes resting condition. A group
              of participants with none or little meditation practice did not
              present those differences significantly. Our findings indicate
              that a conscious state of TE reached by experienced meditators is
              characterized by reduced high-frequency brain processing with
              simultaneous reduction of the low frequencies. This suggests that
              such a state of meditative conscious awareness might be different
              from higher cognitive and mentally focused states but also from
              states of sleep and drowsiness.",
  year     =  2014,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00099"
}

@ARTICLE{Galante2023-an,
  title    = "A Framework for the Empirical Investigation of Mindfulness
              Meditative Development",
  author   = "Galante, J and Grabovac, A and Wright, Malcolm J and Ingram,
              Daniel M and Van Dam, N V and Sanguinetti, Joseph L and Sparby, T
              and van Lutterveld, R and Sacchet, M",
  journal  = "Mindfulness (N. Y.)",
  pages    = "1--14",
  abstract = "Millions of people globally have learned mindfulness meditation
              with the goal of improving health and well-being outcomes in both
              clinical and non-clinical contexts. An estimated half of these
              practitioners follow mindfulness teachers’ recommendations to
              continue regular meditation after completion of initial
              instruction, but it is unclear whether benefits are strengthened
              by regular practice and whether harm can occur. Increasing
              evidence shows a wide range of experiences that can arise with
              regular mindfulness meditation, from profoundly positive to
              challenging and potentially harmful. Initial research suggests
              that complex interactions and temporal sequences may explain these
              experiential phenomena and their relations to health and
              well-being. We believe further study of the effects of mindfulness
              meditation is urgently needed to better understand the benefits
              and challenges of continued practice after initial instructions.
              Effects may vary systematically over time due to factors such as
              initial dosage, accumulation of ongoing practice, developing skill
              of the meditator, and complex interactions with the subjects’ past
              experiences and present environment. We propose that framing
              mindfulness meditation experiences and any associated health and
              well-being benefits within integrated longitudinal models may be
              more illuminating than treating them as discrete, unrelated
              events. We call for ontologically agnostic, collaborative, and
              interdisciplinary research to study the effects of continued
              mindfulness meditation and their contexts, advancing the view that
              practical information found within religious and spiritual
              contemplative traditions can serve to develop initial theories and
              scientifically falsifiable hypotheses. Such investigation could
              inform safer and more effective applications of mindfulness
              meditation training for improving health and well-being.",
  year     =  2023,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1007/s12671-023-02113-8"
}

@ARTICLE{Tang2009-uz,
  title    = "Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by
              short-term meditation",
  author   = "Tang, Yi-Yuan and Ma, Yinghua and Fan, Yaxin and Feng, Hongbo and
              Wang, Junhong and Feng, Shigang and Lu, Q and Hu, B and Lin, Yao
              and Li, Jian and Zhang, Ye and Wang, Yan and Zhou, Li and Fan, M",
  journal  = "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.",
  volume   =  106,
  pages    = "8865--8870",
  abstract = "Five days of integrative body–mind training (IBMT) improves
              attention and self-regulation in comparison with the same amount
              of relaxation training. This paper explores the underlying
              mechanisms of this finding. We measured the physiological and
              brain changes at rest before, during, and after 5 days of IBMT and
              relaxation training. During and after training, the IBMT group
              showed significantly better physiological reactions in heart rate,
              respiratory amplitude and rate, and skin conductance response
              (SCR) than the relaxation control. Differences in heart rate
              variability (HRV) and EEG power suggested greater involvement of
              the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the IBMT group during and
              after training. Imaging data demonstrated stronger subgenual and
              adjacent ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity in the
              IBMT group. Frontal midline ACC theta was correlated with
              highfrequency HRV, suggesting control by the ACC over
              parasympathetic activity. These results indicate that after 5 days
              of training, the IBMT group shows better regulation of the ANS by
              a ventral midfrontal brain system than does the relaxation group.
              This changed state probably reflects training in the coordination
              of body and mind given in the IBMT but not in the control group.
              These results could be useful in the design of further specific
              interventions.",
  year     =  2009,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1073/pnas.0904031106"
}

@ARTICLE{Nash2013-of,
  title    = "Toward a unifying taxonomy and definition for meditation",
  author   = "Nash, Jonathan and Newberg, A and Awasthi, Bhuvanesh",
  journal  = "Front. Psychol.",
  volume   =  4,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "One of the well-documented concerns confronting scholarly
              discourse about meditation is the plethora of semantic constructs
              and the lack of a unified definition and taxonomy. In recent years
              there have been several notable attempts to formulate new lexicons
              in order to define and categorize meditation methods. While these
              constructs have been useful and have encountered varying degrees
              of acceptance, they have also been subject to misinterpretation
              and debate, leaving the field devoid of a consensual paradigm.
              This paper attempts to influence this ongoing discussion by
              proposing two new models which hold the potential for enhanced
              scientific reliability and acceptance. Regarding the quest for a
              universally acceptable taxonomy, we suggest a paradigm shift away
              from the norm of fabricatIng new terminology from a first-person
              perspective. As an alternative, we propose a new taxonomic system
              based on the historically well-established and commonly accepted
              third-person paradigm of Affect and Cognition, borrowed, in part,
              from the psychological and cognitive sciences. With regard to the
              elusive definitional problem, we propose a model of meditation
              which clearly distinguishes “method” from “state” and is
              conceptualized as a dynamic process which is inclusive of six
              related but distinct stages. The overall goal is to provide
              researchers with a reliable nomenclature with which to categorize
              and classify diverse meditation methods, and a conceptual
              framework which can provide direction for their research and a
              theoretical basis for their findings.",
  year     =  2013,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00806"
}

@ARTICLE{Josipovic2012-fv,
  title    = "Influence of meditation on anti-correlated networks in the brain",
  author   = "Josipovic, Zoran and Dinstein, I and Weber, J and Heeger, D",
  journal  = "Front. Hum. Neurosci.",
  volume   =  5,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "Human experiences can be broadly divided into those that are
              external and related to interaction with the environment, and
              experiences that are internal and self-related. The cerebral
              cortex appears to be divided into two corresponding systems: an
              “extrinsic” system composed of brain areas that respond more to
              external stimuli and tasks and an “intrinsic” system composed of
              brain areas that respond less to external stimuli and tasks. These
              two broad brain systems seem to compete with each other, such that
              their activity levels over time is usually anti-correlated, even
              when subjects are “at rest” and not performing any task. This
              study used meditation as an experimental manipulation to test
              whether this competition (anti-correlation) can be modulated by
              cognitive strategy. Participants either fixated without meditation
              (fixation), or engaged in non-dual awareness (NDA) or focused
              attention (FA) meditations. We computed inter-area correlations
              (“functional connectivity”) between pairs of brain regions within
              each system, and between the entire extrinsic and intrinsic
              systems. Anti-correlation between extrinsic vs. intrinsic systems
              was stronger during FA meditation and weaker during NDA meditation
              in comparison to fixation (without mediation). However,
              correlation between areas within each system did not change across
              conditions. These results suggest that the anti-correlation found
              between extrinsic and intrinsic systems is not an immutable
              property of brain organization and that practicing different forms
              of meditation can modulate this gross functional organization in
              profoundly different ways.",
  year     =  2012,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.3389/fnhum.2011.00183"
}

@ARTICLE{Lehmann2012-pn,
  title    = "Reduced functional connectivity between cortical sources in five
              meditation traditions detected with lagged coherence using {EEG}
              tomography",
  author   = "Lehmann, D and Faber, P and Tei, S and Pascual-Marqui, R and Milz,
              P and Kochi, K",
  journal  = "NeuroImage",
  volume   =  60,
  pages    = "1574--1586",
  abstract = "Brain functional states are established by functional
              connectivities between brain regions. In experienced meditators
              (13 Tibetan Buddhists, 15 QiGong, 14 Sahaja Yoga, 14 Ananda Marga
              Yoga, 15 Zen), 19-channel EEG was recorded before, during and
              after that meditation exercise which their respective tradition
              regards as route to the most desirable meditative state. The head
              surface EEG data were recomputed (sLORETA) into 19 cortical
              regional source model time series. All 171 functional
              connectivities between regions were computed as ‘lagged coherence’
              for the eight EEG frequency bands (delta through gamma). This
              analysis removes ambiguities of localization, volume
              conduction-induced inflation of coherence, and
              reference-dependence. All significant differences (corrected for
              multiple testing) between meditation compared to no-task rest
              before and after meditation showed lower coherence during
              meditation, in all five traditions and eight (inhibitory as well
              as excitatory) frequency bands. Conventional coherence between the
              original head surface EEG time series very predominantly also
              showed reduced coherence during meditation. The topography of the
              functional connectivities was examined via PCA-based computation
              of principal connectivities. When going into and out of
              meditation, significantly different connectivities revealed
              clearly different topographies in the delta frequency band and
              minor differences in the beta-2 band. The globally reduced
              functional interdependence between brain regions in meditation
              suggests that interaction between the self process functions is
              minimized, and that constraints on the self process by other
              processes are minimized, thereby leading to the subjective
              experience of non-involvement, detachment and letting go, as well
              as of all-oneness and dissolution of ego borders during
              meditation.",
  year     =  2012,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.042"
}

@ARTICLE{Hernandez2015-tt,
  title    = "Monitoring the neural activity of the state of mental silence
              while practicing Sahaja yoga meditation",
  author   = "Hernández, S and Suero, José and Rubia, K and González-Mora, J",
  journal  = "Journal of alternative and complementary medicine",
  volume   = "21 3",
  pages    = "175--179",
  abstract = "Objective: To identify the neural correlates of the state of
              mental silence as experienced through Sahaja yoga meditation.
              Design: Nineteen experienced meditators underwent functional
              magnetic resonance imaging during three short consecutive
              meditation periods, contrasted with a control relaxation
              condition. Results: Relative to baseline, at the beginning of the
              meditation sessions there was a significant increase of activation
              in bilateral inferior frontal and temporal regions. Activation
              became progressively more reduced with deeper meditation stages
              and in the last meditation session it became localized to the
              right inferior frontal cortex/ right insula and right
              middle/superior temporal cortex. Furthermore, right inferior
              frontal activation was directly associated with the subjective
              depth of the mental silence experience. Conclusions: Meditators
              appear to pass through an initial intense neural self-control
              process necessary to silence their mind. After this they
              experience relatively reduced brain activation concomitant with
              the deepening of the state of mental silence over right inferior
              frontal cortex, probably reflecting an effortless process of
              attentional contemplation associated with this state.",
  year     =  2015,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-jhana-graph;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1089/acm.2013.0450"
}

@ARTICLE{Milliere2018-mq,
  title    = "Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness",
  author   = "Millière, Raphaël and Carhart-Harris, R and Roseman, L and
              Trautwein, Fynn-Mathis and Berkovich-Ohana, Aviva",
  journal  = "Front. Psychol.",
  volume   =  9,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "In recent years, the scientific study of meditation and
              psychedelic drugs has seen remarkable developments. The increased
              focus on meditation in cognitive neuroscience has led to a
              cross-cultural classification of standard meditation styles
              validated by functional and structural neuroanatomical data.
              Meanwhile, the renaissance of psychedelic research has shed light
              on the neurophysiology of altered states of consciousness induced
              by classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, whose
              effects are mainly mediated by agonism of serotonin receptors. Few
              attempts have been made at bridging these two domains of inquiry,
              despite intriguing evidence of overlap between the phenomenology
              and neurophysiology of meditation practice and psychedelic states.
              In particular, many contemplative traditions explicitly aim at
              dissolving the sense of self by eliciting altered states of
              consciousness through meditation, while classical psychedelics are
              known to produce significant disruptions of self-consciousness, a
              phenomenon known as drug-induced ego dissolution. In this article,
              we discuss available evidence regarding convergences and
              differences between phenomenological and neurophysiological data
              on meditation practice and psychedelic drug-induced states, with a
              particular emphasis on alterations of self-experience. While both
              meditation and psychedelics may disrupt self-consciousness and
              underlying neural processes, we emphasize that neither meditation
              nor psychedelic states can be conceived as simple, uniform
              categories. Moreover, we suggest that there are important
              phenomenological differences even between conscious states
              described as experiences of self-loss. As a result, we propose
              that self-consciousness may be best construed as a
              multidimensional construct, and that ``self-loss,'' far from being
              an unequivocal phenomenon, can take several forms. Indeed, various
              aspects of self-consciousness, including narrative aspects linked
              to autobiographical memory, self-related thoughts and mental time
              travel, and embodied aspects rooted in multisensory processes, may
              be differently affected by psychedelics and meditation practices.
              Finally, we consider long-term outcomes of experiences of
              self-loss induced by meditation and psychedelics on individual
              traits and prosocial behavior. We call for caution regarding the
              problematic conflation of temporary states of self-loss with
              ``selflessness'' as a behavioral or social trait, although there
              is preliminary evidence that correlations between short-term
              experiences of self-loss and long-term trait alterations may
              exist.",
  year     =  2018,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;psychedelics;meditation",
  doi      = "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475"
}

@ARTICLE{Carhart-Harris2019-ek,
  title    = "{REBUS} and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the
              Brain Action of Psychedelics",
  author   = "Carhart-Harris, R and Friston, Karl J",
  journal  = "Pharmacol. Rev.",
  volume   =  71,
  pages    = "316--344",
  abstract = "This paper formulates the action of psychedelics by integrating
              the free-energy principle and entropic brain hypothesis. We call
              this formulation relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) and
              the anarchic brain, founded on the principle that—via their
              entropic effect on spontaneous cortical activity—psychedelics work
              to relax the precision of high-level priors or beliefs, thereby
              liberating bottom-up information flow, particularly via intrinsic
              sources such as the limbic system. We assemble evidence for this
              model and show how it can explain a broad range of phenomena
              associated with the psychedelic experience. With regard to their
              potential therapeutic use, we propose that psychedelics work to
              relax the precision weighting of pathologically overweighted
              priors underpinning various expressions of mental illness. We
              propose that this process entails an increased sensitization of
              high-level priors to bottom-up signaling (stemming from intrinsic
              sources), and that this heightened sensitivity enables the
              potential revision and deweighting of overweighted priors. We end
              by discussing further implications of the model, such as that
              psychedelics can bring about the revision of other heavily
              weighted high-level priors, not directly related to mental health,
              such as those underlying partisan and/or overly-confident
              political, religious, and/or philosophical perspectives.",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;psychedelics",
  doi      = "10.1124/pr.118.017160"
}

@ARTICLE{Dor-Ziderman2016-pg,
  title    = "Self-specific processing in the meditating brain: a {MEG}
              neurophenomenology study",
  author   = "Dor-Ziderman, Yair and Ataria, Y and Fulder, S and Goldstein, A
              and Berkovich-Ohana, Aviva",
  journal  = "Neurosci. Conscious.",
  volume   =  2016,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "Self-specific processes (SSPs) specify the self as an embodied
              subject and agent, implementing a functional self/nonself
              distinction in perception, cognition, and action. Despite recent
              interest, it is still undetermined whether SSPs are all-or-nothing
              or graded phenomena; whether they can be identified in
              neuroimaging data; and whether they can be altered through
              attentional training. These issues are approached through a
              neurophenomenological exploration of the sense-of-boundaries (SB),
              the fundamental experience of being an ‘I’ (self) separated from
              the ‘world' (nonself). The SB experience was explored in
              collaboration with a uniquely qualified meditation practitioner,
              who volitionally produced, while being scanned by
              magnetoencephalogram (MEG), three mental states characterized by a
              graded SB experience. The results were then partly validated in an
              independent group of 10 long-term meditators. Implicated neural
              mechanisms include right-lateralized beta oscillations in the
              temporo-parietal junction, a region known to mediate the
              experiential unity of self and body; and in the medial parietal
              cortex, a central node of the self's representational system. The
              graded nature as well as the trainable flexibility and neural
              plasticity of SSPs may hold clinical implications for populations
              with a disturbed SB.",
  year     =  2016,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1093/nc/niw019"
}

@ARTICLE{Metzingera2020-ry,
  title    = "Minimal phenomenal experience: Meditation, tonic alertness, and
              the phenomenology of ``pure'' consciousness",
  author   = "Metzingera, Thomas and Metzinger, T",
  abstract = "This is the first in a series of instalments aiming at a minimal
              model explanation for conscious experience, taking the phenomenal
              character of “pure consciousness” or “pure awareness” in
              meditation as its entry point. It develops the concept of “minimal
              phenomenal experience” (MPE) as a candidate for the simplest form
              of consciousness, substantiating it by extracting six semantic
              constraints from the existing literature and using sixteen
              phenomenological case-studies to incrementally flesh out the new
              working concept. One empirical hypothesis is that the
              phenomenological prototype of “pure awareness”, to which all such
              reports refer, really is the content of a predictive model,
              namely, a Bayesian representation of tonic alertness. On a more
              abstract conceptual level, it can be described as a model of an
              unpartitioned epistemic space",
  year     =  2020,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation"
}

@ARTICLE{Tripathi2024-gp,
  title    = "Silence Practice Modulates the Resting State Functional
              Connectivity of Language Network with Default Mode and Dorsal
              Attention Networks in Long-Term Meditators",
  author   = "Tripathi, Vaibhav and Devaney, Kathryn J and Lazar, Sara W and
              Somers, David C",
  journal  = "Mindfulness (N. Y.)",
  volume   = "null",
  pages    = "null",
  year     =  2024,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1007/s12671-024-02316-7"
}

@ARTICLE{Buckner2019-sh,
  title    = "The brain’s default network: updated anatomy, physiology and
              evolving insights",
  author   = "Buckner, R and DiNicola, L",
  journal  = "Nat. Rev. Neurosci.",
  volume   =  20,
  pages    = "593--608",
  abstract = "Discoveries over the past two decades demonstrate that regions
              distributed throughout the association cortex, often called the
              default network, are suppressed during tasks that demand external
              attention and are active during remembering, envisioning the
              future and making social inferences. This Review describes
              progress in understanding the organization and function of
              networks embedded within these association regions. Detailed
              high-resolution analyses of single individuals suggest that the
              default network is not a single network, as historically
              described, but instead comprises multiple interwoven networks. The
              multiple networks share a common organizational motif (also
              evident in marmoset and macaque anatomical circuits) that might
              support a general class of processing function dependent on
              internally constructed rather than externally constrained
              representations, with each separate interwoven network specialized
              for a distinct processing domain. Direct neuronal recordings in
              humans and monkeys reveal evidence for competitive relationships
              between the internally and externally oriented networks. Findings
              from rodent studies suggest that the thalamus might be essential
              to controlling which networks are engaged through specialized
              thalamic reticular neurons, including antagonistic subpopulations.
              These association networks (and presumably thalamocortical
              circuits) are expanded in humans and might be particularly
              vulnerable to dysregulation implicated in mental illness.",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;MRI Methods",
  doi      = "10.1038/s41583-019-0212-7"
}

@ARTICLE{Devaney2019-lz,
  title    = "Identification of Visual Attentional Regions of the
              Temporoparietal Junction in Individual Subjects using a Vivid,
              Novel Oddball Paradigm",
  author   = "Devaney, Kathryn J and Rosen, M and Levin, Emily J and Somers, D",
  journal  = "Front. Hum. Neurosci.",
  volume   =  13,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "The Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ) of the cerebral cortex is a
              functionally heterogeneous region that also exhibits substantial
              anatomical variability across individuals. As a result, the
              precise functional organization of TPJ remains controversial. One
              or more regions within TPJ support visual attention processes, but
              the “attention TPJ” is difficult to functionally observe in
              individual subjects, and thus is typically identified by averaging
              across a large group of subjects. However, group-averaging also
              blurs localization and can obscure functional organization. Here,
              we develop and test an individual-subject approach to identifying
              attentional TPJ. This paradigm employs novel oddball images with a
              strong visual drive to produce robust TPJ responses in
              individuals. Vivid, novel oddballs drive responses in two TPJ
              regions bilaterally, a posterior region centered in posterior
              Superior Temporal Sulcus (TPJSTS) and an anterior region in
              ventral Supramarginal Gyrus (TPJSMG). Although an attentional
              reorienting task fails to drive TPJ activation in individuals,
              group analysis of the attentional reorienting contrast reveals
              recruitment of right TPJSTS, but not right TPJSMG. Similarly,
              right TPJSTS, as identified in individual subjects by the vivid,
              novel oddball contrast, is activated by attentional reorienting,
              but right TPJSMG is not. These findings advance an
              individual-subject based approach to understanding the functional
              organization of TPJ.",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.3389/fnhum.2019.00424"
}

@ARTICLE{Fialoke2024-zk,
  title    = "Functional connectivity changes in meditators and novices during
              yoga nidra practice",
  author   = "Fialoke, Suruchi and Tripathi, Vaibhav and Thakral, Sonika and
              Dhawan, Anju and Majahan, Vidur and Garg, Rahul",
  journal  = "Scientific Reports",
  volume   =  14,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "Yoga nidra (YN) practice aims to induce a deeply relaxed state
              akin to sleep while maintaining heightened awareness. Despite the
              growing interest in its clinical applications, a comprehensive
              understanding of the underlying neural correlates of the practice
              of YN remains largely unexplored. In this fMRI investigation, we
              aim to discover the differences between wakeful resting states and
              states attained during YN practice. The study included individuals
              experienced in meditation and/or yogic practices, referred to as
              ‘meditators’ (n = 30), and novice controls (n = 31). The GLM
              analysis, based on audio instructions, demonstrated activation
              related to auditory cues without concurrent default mode network
              (DMN) deactivation. DMN seed based functional connectivity (FC)
              analysis revealed significant reductions in connectivity among
              meditators during YN as compared to controls. We did not find
              differences between the two groups during the pre and post resting
              state scans. Moreover, when DMN-FC was compared between the YN
              state and resting state, meditators showed distinct decoupling,
              whereas controls showed increased DMN-FC. Finally, participants
              exhibit a remarkable correlation between reduced DMN connectivity
              during YN and self-reported hours of cumulative meditation and
              yoga practice. Together, these results suggest a unique neural
              modulation of the DMN in meditators during YN which results in
              being restful yet aware, aligned with their subjective experience
              of the practice. The study deepens our understanding of the neural
              mechanisms of YN, revealing distinct DMN connectivity decoupling
              in meditators and its relationship with meditation and yoga
              experience. These findings have interdisciplinary implications for
              neuroscience, psychology, and yogic disciplines.",
  year     =  2024,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1038/s41598-024-63765-7"
}

@ARTICLE{Mooneyham2016-uo,
  title    = "Signal or noise: brain network interactions underlying the
              experience and training of mindfulness",
  author   = "Mooneyham, Benjamin W and Mrazek, M and Mrazek, Alissa J and
              Schooler, J",
  journal  = "Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.",
  volume   =  1369,
  pages    = "null",
  abstract = "A broad set of brain regions has been associated with the
              experience and training of mindfulness. Many of these regions lie
              within key intrinsic brain networks, including the executive
              control, salience, and default networks. In this paper, we review
              the existing literature on the cognitive neuroscience of
              mindfulness through the lens of network science. We describe the
              characteristics of the intrinsic brain networks implicated in
              mindfulness and summarize the relevant findings pertaining to
              changes in functional connectivity (FC) within and between these
              networks. Convergence across these findings suggests that
              mindfulness may be associated with increased FC between two
              regions within the default network: the posterior cingulate cortex
              and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, extensive
              meditation experience may be associated with increased FC between
              the insula and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. However, little
              consensus has emerged within the existing literature owing to the
              diversity of operational definitions of mindfulness, neuroimaging
              methods, and network characterizations. We describe several
              challenges to develop a coherent cognitive neuroscience of
              mindfulness and to provide detailed recommendations for future
              research.",
  year     =  2016,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1111/nyas.13044"
}

@ARTICLE{Guidotti2023-rc,
  title    = "Long-Term and Meditation-Specific Modulations of Brain
              Connectivity Revealed Through Multivariate Pattern Analysis",
  author   = "Guidotti, Roberto and D'Andrea, A and Basti, Alessio and Raffone,
              A and Pizzella, V and Marzetti, L",
  journal  = "Brain Topogr.",
  volume   =  36,
  pages    = "409--418",
  abstract = "Neuroimaging studies have provided evidence that extensive
              meditation practice modifies the functional and structural
              properties of the human brain, such as large-scale brain region
              interplay. However, it remains unclear how different meditation
              styles are involved in the modulation of these large-scale brain
              networks. Here, using machine learning and fMRI functional
              connectivity, we investigated how focused attention and open
              monitoring meditation styles impact large-scale brain networks.
              Specifically, we trained a classifier to predict the meditation
              style in two groups of subjects: expert Theravada Buddhist monks
              and novice meditators. We showed that the classifier was able to
              discriminate the meditation style only in the expert group.
              Additionally, by inspecting the trained classifier, we observed
              that the Anterior Salience and the Default Mode networks were
              relevant for the classification, in line with their theorized
              involvement in emotion and self-related regulation in meditation.
              Interestingly, results also highlighted the role of specific
              couplings between areas crucial for regulating attention and
              self-awareness as well as areas related to processing and
              integrating somatosensory information. Finally, we observed a
              larger involvement of left inter-hemispheric connections in the
              classification. In conclusion, our work supports the evidence that
              extensive meditation practice modulates large-scale brain
              networks, and that the different meditation styles differentially
              affect connections that subserve style-specific functions.",
  year     =  2023,
  keywords = "2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation",
  doi      = "10.1007/s10548-023-00950-3"
}

@ARTICLE{Devaney2021-mg,
  title    = "Attention and Default Mode Network Assessments of Meditation
              Experience during Active Cognition and Rest",
  author   = "Devaney, Kathryn J and Levin, Emily J and Tripathi, Vaibhav and
              Higgins, James P and Lazar, Sara W and Somers, David C",
  journal  = "Brain Sci",
  volume   =  11,
  number   =  5,
  abstract = "Meditation experience has previously been shown to improve
              performance on behavioral assessments of attention, but the neural
              bases of this improvement are unknown. Two prominent, strongly
              competing networks exist in the human cortex: a dorsal attention
              network, that is activated during focused attention, and a default
              mode network, that is suppressed during attentionally demanding
              tasks. Prior studies suggest that strong anti-correlations between
              these networks indicate good brain health. In addition, a third
              network, a ventral attention network, serves as a
              ``circuit-breaker'' that transiently disrupts and redirects
              focused attention to permit salient stimuli to capture attention.
              Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to contrast
              cortical network activation between experienced focused attention
              Vipassana meditators and matched controls. Participants performed
              two attention tasks during scanning: a sustained attention task
              and an attention-capture task. Meditators demonstrated increased
              magnitude of differential activation in the dorsal attention vs.
              default mode network in a sustained attention task, relative to
              controls. In contrast, there were no evident attention network
              differences between meditators and controls in an attentional
              reorienting paradigm. A resting state functional connectivity
              analysis revealed a greater magnitude of anticorrelation between
              dorsal attention and default mode networks in the meditators as
              compared to both our local control group and a n = 168 Human
              Connectome Project dataset. These results demonstrate, with both
              task- and rest-based fMRI data, increased stability in sustained
              attention processes without an associated attentional capture cost
              in meditators. Task and resting-state results, which revealed
              stronger anticorrelations between dorsal attention and default
              mode networks in experienced mediators than in controls, are
              consistent with a brain health benefit of long-term meditation
              practice.",
  month    =  "29~" # apr,
  year     =  2021,
  keywords = "Vipassana; attention; cognition; default mode network; dorsal
              attention network; fMRI; meditation; resting-state functional
              connectivity; ventral attention
              network;2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation;fMRI Attention",
  doi      = "10.3390/brainsci11050566",
  language = "en"
}

@INCOLLECTION{Laukkonen2023-vm,
  title     = "Chapter 4 - Cessations of consciousness in meditation: Advancing
               a scientific understanding of nirodha samāpatti",
  author    = "Laukkonen, Ruben E and Sacchet, Matthew D and Barendregt, Henk
               and Devaney, Kathryn J and Chowdhury, Avijit and Slagter, Heleen
               A",
  editor    = "Ben-Soussan, Tal Dotan and Glicksohn, Joseph and Srinivasan,
               Narayanan",
  booktitle = "Progress in Brain Research",
  publisher = "Elsevier",
  volume    =  280,
  pages     = "61--87",
  abstract  = "Absence of consciousness can occur due to a concussion,
               anesthetization, intoxication, epileptic seizure, or other
               fainting/syncope episode caused by lack of blood flow to the
               brain. However, some meditation practitioners also report that it
               is possible to undergo a total absence of consciousness during
               meditation, lasting up to 7 days, and that these “cessations” can
               be consistently induced. One form of extended cessation (i.e.,
               nirodha samāpatti) is thought to be different from sleep because
               practitioners are said to be completely impervious to external
               stimulation. That is, they cannot be 'woken up' from the
               cessation state as one might be from a dream. Cessations are also
               associated with the absence of any time experience or tiredness,
               and are said to involve a stiff rather than a relaxed body.
               Emergence from meditation-induced cessations is said to have
               profound effects on subsequent cognition and experience (e.g.,
               resulting in a sudden sense of clarity, openness, and possibly
               insights). In this paper, we briefly outline the historical
               context for cessation events, present preliminary data from two
               labs, set a research agenda for their study, and provide an
               initial framework for understanding what meditation induced
               cessation may reveal about the mind and brain. We conclude by
               integrating these so-called nirodha and nirodha samāpatti
               experiences—as they are known in classical Buddhism—into current
               cognitive-neurocomputational and active inference frameworks of
               meditation.",
  month     =  "1~" # jan,
  year      =  2023,
  keywords  = "Consciousness; Meditation; Cessation; Awareness; Active
               inference; Predictive processing; Nirodha samāpatti; Jhāna;
               Fruition;2024-08-5-saved-papers;RePhD;meditation;fMRI Attention",
  doi       = "10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.007"
}