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---
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name: api-design-principles
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description: Master REST and GraphQL API design principles to build intuitive, scalable, and maintainable APIs that delight developers. Use when designing new APIs, reviewing API specifications, or establishing API design standards.
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license: MIT
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metadata:
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version: "1.0.0"
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domain: architecture
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triggers: API design, REST, GraphQL, API standards, API specification, API review
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role: architect
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scope: system-design
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output-format: architecture
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related-skills: api-patterns, api-security-best-practices
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---
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# API Design Principles
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Master REST and GraphQL API design principles to build intuitive, scalable, and maintainable APIs that delight developers and stand the test of time.
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## Use this skill when
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- Designing new REST or GraphQL APIs
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- Refactoring existing APIs for better usability
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- Establishing API design standards for your team
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- Reviewing API specifications before implementation
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- Migrating between API paradigms (REST to GraphQL, etc.)
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- Creating developer-friendly API documentation
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- Optimizing APIs for specific use cases (mobile, third-party integrations)
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## Do not use this skill when
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- You only need implementation guidance for a specific framework
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- You are doing infrastructure-only work without API contracts
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- You cannot change or version public interfaces
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## Instructions
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1. Define consumers, use cases, and constraints.
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2. Choose API style and model resources or types.
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3. Specify errors, versioning, pagination, and auth strategy.
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4. Validate with examples and review for consistency.
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Refer to `resources/implementation-playbook.md` for detailed patterns, checklists, and templates.
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## Resources
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- `resources/implementation-playbook.md` for detailed patterns, checklists, and templates.
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# API Design Checklist
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## Pre-Implementation Review
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### Resource Design
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- [ ] Resources are nouns, not verbs
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- [ ] Plural names for collections
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- [ ] Consistent naming across all endpoints
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- [ ] Clear resource hierarchy (avoid deep nesting >2 levels)
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- [ ] All CRUD operations properly mapped to HTTP methods
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### HTTP Methods
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- [ ] GET for retrieval (safe, idempotent)
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- [ ] POST for creation
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- [ ] PUT for full replacement (idempotent)
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- [ ] PATCH for partial updates
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- [ ] DELETE for removal (idempotent)
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### Status Codes
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- [ ] 200 OK for successful GET/PATCH/PUT
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- [ ] 201 Created for POST
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- [ ] 204 No Content for DELETE
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- [ ] 400 Bad Request for malformed requests
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- [ ] 401 Unauthorized for missing auth
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- [ ] 403 Forbidden for insufficient permissions
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- [ ] 404 Not Found for missing resources
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- [ ] 422 Unprocessable Entity for validation errors
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- [ ] 429 Too Many Requests for rate limiting
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- [ ] 500 Internal Server Error for server issues
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### Pagination
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- [ ] All collection endpoints paginated
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- [ ] Default page size defined (e.g., 20)
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- [ ] Maximum page size enforced (e.g., 100)
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- [ ] Pagination metadata included (total, pages, etc.)
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- [ ] Cursor-based or offset-based pattern chosen
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### Filtering & Sorting
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- [ ] Query parameters for filtering
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- [ ] Sort parameter supported
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- [ ] Search parameter for full-text search
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- [ ] Field selection supported (sparse fieldsets)
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### Versioning
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- [ ] Versioning strategy defined (URL/header/query)
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- [ ] Version included in all endpoints
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- [ ] Deprecation policy documented
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### Error Handling
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- [ ] Consistent error response format
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- [ ] Detailed error messages
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- [ ] Field-level validation errors
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- [ ] Error codes for client handling
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- [ ] Timestamps in error responses
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### Authentication & Authorization
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- [ ] Authentication method defined (Bearer token, API key)
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- [ ] Authorization checks on all endpoints
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- [ ] 401 vs 403 used correctly
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- [ ] Token expiration handled
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### Rate Limiting
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- [ ] Rate limits defined per endpoint/user
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- [ ] Rate limit headers included
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- [ ] 429 status code for exceeded limits
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- [ ] Retry-After header provided
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### Documentation
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- [ ] OpenAPI/Swagger spec generated
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- [ ] All endpoints documented
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- [ ] Request/response examples provided
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- [ ] Error responses documented
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- [ ] Authentication flow documented
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### Testing
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- [ ] Unit tests for business logic
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- [ ] Integration tests for endpoints
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- [ ] Error scenarios tested
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- [ ] Edge cases covered
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- [ ] Performance tests for heavy endpoints
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### Security
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- [ ] Input validation on all fields
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- [ ] SQL injection prevention
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- [ ] XSS prevention
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- [ ] CORS configured correctly
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- [ ] HTTPS enforced
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- [ ] Sensitive data not in URLs
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- [ ] No secrets in responses
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### Performance
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- [ ] Database queries optimized
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- [ ] N+1 queries prevented
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- [ ] Caching strategy defined
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- [ ] Cache headers set appropriately
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- [ ] Large responses paginated
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### Monitoring
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- [ ] Logging implemented
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- [ ] Error tracking configured
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- [ ] Performance metrics collected
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- [ ] Health check endpoint available
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- [ ] Alerts configured for errors
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## GraphQL-Specific Checks
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### Schema Design
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- [ ] Schema-first approach used
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- [ ] Types properly defined
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- [ ] Non-null vs nullable decided
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- [ ] Interfaces/unions used appropriately
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- [ ] Custom scalars defined
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### Queries
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- [ ] Query depth limiting
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- [ ] Query complexity analysis
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- [ ] DataLoaders prevent N+1
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- [ ] Pagination pattern chosen (Relay/offset)
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### Mutations
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- [ ] Input types defined
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- [ ] Payload types with errors
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- [ ] Optimistic response support
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- [ ] Idempotency considered
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### Performance
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- [ ] DataLoader for all relationships
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- [ ] Query batching enabled
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- [ ] Persisted queries considered
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- [ ] Response caching implemented
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### Documentation
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- [ ] All fields documented
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- [ ] Deprecations marked
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- [ ] Examples provided
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- [ ] Schema introspection enabled
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"""
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Production-ready REST API template using FastAPI.
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Includes pagination, filtering, error handling, and best practices.
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"""
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from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Query, Path, Depends, status
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from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
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from fastapi.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
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from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
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from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, EmailStr, ConfigDict
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from typing import Optional, List, Any
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from datetime import datetime
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from enum import Enum
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app = FastAPI(
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title="API Template",
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version="1.0.0",
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docs_url="/api/docs"
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)
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# Security Middleware
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# Trusted Host: Prevents HTTP Host Header attacks
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app.add_middleware(
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TrustedHostMiddleware,
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allowed_hosts=["*"] # TODO: Configure this in production, e.g. ["api.example.com"]
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)
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# CORS: Configures Cross-Origin Resource Sharing
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app.add_middleware(
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CORSMiddleware,
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allow_origins=["*"], # TODO: Update this with specific origins in production
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allow_credentials=False, # TODO: Set to True if you need cookies/auth headers, but restrict origins
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allow_methods=["*"],
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allow_headers=["*"],
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)
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# Models
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class UserStatus(str, Enum):
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ACTIVE = "active"
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INACTIVE = "inactive"
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SUSPENDED = "suspended"
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class UserBase(BaseModel):
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email: EmailStr
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name: str = Field(..., min_length=1, max_length=100)
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status: UserStatus = UserStatus.ACTIVE
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class UserCreate(UserBase):
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password: str = Field(..., min_length=8)
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class UserUpdate(BaseModel):
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email: Optional[EmailStr] = None
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name: Optional[str] = Field(None, min_length=1, max_length=100)
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status: Optional[UserStatus] = None
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class User(UserBase):
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id: str
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created_at: datetime
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updated_at: datetime
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model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
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# Pagination
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class PaginationParams(BaseModel):
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page: int = Field(1, ge=1)
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page_size: int = Field(20, ge=1, le=100)
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class PaginatedResponse(BaseModel):
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items: List[Any]
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total: int
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page: int
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page_size: int
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pages: int
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# Error handling
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class ErrorDetail(BaseModel):
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field: Optional[str] = None
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message: str
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code: str
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class ErrorResponse(BaseModel):
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error: str
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message: str
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details: Optional[List[ErrorDetail]] = None
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@app.exception_handler(HTTPException)
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async def http_exception_handler(request, exc):
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return JSONResponse(
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status_code=exc.status_code,
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content=ErrorResponse(
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error=exc.__class__.__name__,
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message=exc.detail if isinstance(exc.detail, str) else exc.detail.get("message", "Error"),
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details=exc.detail.get("details") if isinstance(exc.detail, dict) else None
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).model_dump()
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)
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# Endpoints
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@app.get("/api/users", response_model=PaginatedResponse, tags=["Users"])
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async def list_users(
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page: int = Query(1, ge=1),
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page_size: int = Query(20, ge=1, le=100),
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status: Optional[UserStatus] = Query(None),
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search: Optional[str] = Query(None)
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):
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"""List users with pagination and filtering."""
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# Mock implementation
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total = 100
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items = [
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User(
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id=str(i),
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email=f"user{i}@example.com",
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name=f"User {i}",
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status=UserStatus.ACTIVE,
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created_at=datetime.now(),
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updated_at=datetime.now()
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).model_dump()
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for i in range((page-1)*page_size, min(page*page_size, total))
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]
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return PaginatedResponse(
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items=items,
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total=total,
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page=page,
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page_size=page_size,
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pages=(total + page_size - 1) // page_size
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)
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@app.post("/api/users", response_model=User, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, tags=["Users"])
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async def create_user(user: UserCreate):
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"""Create a new user."""
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# Mock implementation
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return User(
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id="123",
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email=user.email,
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name=user.name,
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status=user.status,
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created_at=datetime.now(),
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updated_at=datetime.now()
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)
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@app.get("/api/users/{user_id}", response_model=User, tags=["Users"])
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async def get_user(user_id: str = Path(..., description="User ID")):
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"""Get user by ID."""
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# Mock: Check if exists
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if user_id == "999":
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raise HTTPException(
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status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,
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detail={"message": "User not found", "details": {"id": user_id}}
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)
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return User(
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id=user_id,
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email="user@example.com",
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name="User Name",
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status=UserStatus.ACTIVE,
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created_at=datetime.now(),
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updated_at=datetime.now()
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)
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@app.patch("/api/users/{user_id}", response_model=User, tags=["Users"])
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async def update_user(user_id: str, update: UserUpdate):
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"""Partially update user."""
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# Validate user exists
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existing = await get_user(user_id)
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# Apply updates
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update_data = update.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
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for field, value in update_data.items():
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setattr(existing, field, value)
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existing.updated_at = datetime.now()
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return existing
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@app.delete("/api/users/{user_id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT, tags=["Users"])
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async def delete_user(user_id: str):
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"""Delete user."""
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await get_user(user_id) # Verify exists
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return None
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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import uvicorn
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uvicorn.run(app, host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)

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