GH-50424: [CI] install Chrome latest for test-conda-python-emscripten (#50425)

### Rationale for this change
Fix #50424 `Python Emscripten Crossbow` job with multiple failing points
A) failing to install Chrome - `Requested Chrome major 148, but apt repo currently publishes 150.0.7871.100`,
B) and underlying Abseil failure - `error: expected '(' before 'ABSL_INTERNAL_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17'` [logB](https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/28963702667/job/85941369345#step:6:2995)
C) pytest 8.1.1 failing on three tests with the message - `E   TypeError: importorskip() got an unexpected keyword argument 'exc_type'` [logC](https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/28972366846/job/85971005157#step:6:6354) 

The remaining intermittent issue be best dealt with in a follow up PR:
D) intermittent `loadPyodide` / Selenium timeout hang - `selenium.common.exceptions.TimeoutException: Message: script timeout` [logD](https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/28997397611/job/86049819728#step:6:6856) and [hang log with debug](https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/29015193964/job/86108340808#step:6:7248)

### What changes are included in this PR?
A) Changed `chrome_version: "148"` to `chrome_version: "latest"`
B) Disabled zlib for protobuf build of the host in order to avoid conda include path overriding vendor Abseil headers.
C) Added work-around for current Pyodide's bundled pytest version 8.1.1 which lacks `importorskip(..., exc_type=...)`

### Are these changes tested?
Yes, test-conda-python-emscripten job completed successfully on rerun. Some earlier runs hit the intermittent Chrome/Selenium timeout mentioned above.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No.

* GitHub Issue: #50424

Authored-by: Tadeja Kadunc <tadeja.kadunc@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

Author: tadeja

compose.yaml

@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ services:
         clang_tools: ${CLANG_TOOLS}
         llvm: ${LLVM}
         pyodide_version: "0.26.0"
-        chrome_version: "148"
+        chrome_version: "latest"
         selenium_version: "4.41.0"
         required_python_min: "(3,12)"
         python: ${PYTHON}

cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake

@@ -2073,7 +2073,9 @@ function(build_protobuf)
         "-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="
         "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PROTOBUF_HOST_PREFIX}"
         -Dprotobuf_BUILD_TESTS=OFF
-        -Dprotobuf_DEBUG_POSTFIX=)
+        -Dprotobuf_DEBUG_POSTFIX=
+        # OFF to avoid conda include dirs leaking into vendored Abseil
+        -Dprotobuf_WITH_ZLIB=OFF)
     if(ABSL_VENDORED)
       # Force protobuf to reuse Arrow's already-extracted absl source
       # so we don't re-download and we don't have issues with multiple abseil.

python/scripts/run_emscripten_tests.py

@@ -289,6 +289,14 @@ def _load_pyarrow_in_runner(driver, wheel_name):
     await pjs.loadPackage("numpy")
     await pjs.loadPackage("pandas")
     import pytest
+    import inspect
+    if "exc_type" not in inspect.signature(pytest.importorskip).parameters:
+        _original_importorskip = pytest.importorskip
+        def _importorskip(modname, minversion=None, reason=None, *,
+                          exc_type=ImportError):
+            return _original_importorskip(modname, minversion=minversion,
+                                          reason=reason)
+        pytest.importorskip = _importorskip
     import pandas # import pandas after pyarrow package load for pandas/pyarrow
                   # functions to work
 import pyarrow