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sample_xml_file.xml
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5821 lines (5818 loc) · 242 KB
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<drugbank>
<drug type="biotech" created="2005-06-13" updated="2015-11-27">
<drugbank-id>DB00001</drugbank-id>
<drugbank-id>BIOD00024</drugbank-id>
<drugbank-id>BTD00024</drugbank-id>
<name>Lepirudin</name>
<description>Lepirudin is identical to natural hirudin except for substitution of leucine for isoleucine at the N-terminal end of the molecule and the absence of a sulfate group on the tyrosine at position 63. It is produced via yeast cells. Bayer ceased the production of lepirudin (Refludan) effective May 31; 2012.</description>
<cas-number>120993-53-5</cas-number>
<groups>
<group>approved</group>
</groups>
<general-references># Smythe MA; Stephens JL; Koerber JM; Mattson JC: A comparison of lepirudin and argatroban outcomes. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2005 Oct;11(4):371-4. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16244762
# Tardy B; Lecompte T; Boelhen F; Tardy-Poncet B; Elalamy I; Morange P; Gruel Y; Wolf M; Francois D; Racadot E; Camarasa P; Blouch MT; Nguyen F; Doubine S; Dutrillaux F; Alhenc-Gelas M; Martin-Toutain I; Bauters A; Ffrench P; de Maistre E; Grunebaum L; Mouton C; Huisse MG; Gouault-Heilmann M; Lucke V: Predictive factors for thrombosis and major bleeding in an observational study in 181 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin. Blood. 2006 Sep 1;108(5):1492-6. Epub 2006 May 11. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690967
# Lubenow N; Eichler P; Lietz T; Greinacher A: Lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia - results of the third prospective study (HAT-3) and a combined analysis of HAT-1; HAT-2; and HAT-3. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Nov;3(11):2428-36. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16241940
# Askari AT; Lincoff AM: Antithrombotic Drug Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease. 2009 Oct; pp. 440–. ISBN 9781603272346. "Google books":http://books.google.com/books?id=iadLoXoQkWEC&pg=PA440. </general-references>
<synthesis-reference/>
<indication>For the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia</indication>
<pharmacodynamics>Lepirudin is used to break up clots and to reduce thrombocytopenia. It binds to thrombin and prevents thrombus or clot formation. It is a highly potent; selective; and essentially irreversible inhibitor of thrombin and clot-bond thrombin. Lepirudin requires no cofactor for its anticoagulant action. Lepirudin is a recombinant form of hirudin; an endogenous anticoagulant found in medicinal leeches.</pharmacodynamics>
<mechanism-of-action>Lepirudin forms a stable non-covalent complex with alpha-thrombin; thereby abolishing its ability to cleave fibrinogen and initiate the clotting cascade. The inhibition of thrombin prevents the blood clotting cascade. </mechanism-of-action>
<toxicity>In case of overdose (eg; suggested by excessively high aPTT values) the risk of bleeding is increased.</toxicity>
<metabolism>Lepirudin is thought to be metabolized by release of amino acids via catabolic hydrolysis of the parent drug. However; con-clusive data are not available. About 48% of the administration dose is excreted in the urine which consists of unchanged drug (35%) and other fragments of the parent drug.</metabolism>
<absorption>Bioavailability is 100% following injection.</absorption>
<half-life>Approximately 1.3 hours</half-life>
<protein-binding/>
<route-of-elimination>Lepirudin is thought to be metabolized by release of amino acids via catabolic hydrolysis of the parent drug. About 48% of the administration dose is excreted in the urine which consists of unchanged drug (35%) and other fragments of the parent drug.</route-of-elimination>
<volume-of-distribution>* 12.2 L [Healthy young subjects (n = 18; age 18-60 years)]
* 18.7 L [Healthy elderly subjects (n = 10; age 65-80 years)]
* 18 L [Renally impaired patients (n = 16; creatinine clearance below 80 mL/min)]
* 32.1 L [HIT patients (n = 73)]</volume-of-distribution>
<clearance>* 164 ml/min [Healthy 18-60 yrs]
* 139 ml/min [Healthy 65-80 yrs]
* 61 ml/min [renal impaired]
* 114 ml/min [HIT (Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia)]</clearance>
<classification>
<description/>
<direct-parent>Peptides</direct-parent>
<kingdom>Organic Compounds</kingdom>
<superclass>Organic Acids</superclass>
<class>Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives</class>
<subclass>Amino Acids; Peptides; and Analogues</subclass>
</classification>
<salts/>
<synonyms>
<synonym language="" coder="">Hirudin variant-1</synonym>
<synonym language="" coder="">Lepirudin recombinant</synonym>
</synonyms>
<products>
<product>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code/>
<dpd-id>02240996</dpd-id>
<started-marketing-on>2000-01-31</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on>2013-07-26</ended-marketing-on>
<dosage-form>powder for solution</dosage-form>
<strength>50 mg</strength>
<route>intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number/>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>true</approved>
<country>Canada</country>
<source>DPD</source>
</product>
</products>
<international-brands/>
<mixtures>
<mixture>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ingredients>Lepirudin</ingredients>
</mixture>
</mixtures>
<packagers>
<packager>
<name>Bayer Healthcare</name>
<url>http://www.bayerhealthcare.com</url>
</packager>
<packager>
<name>Berlex Labs</name>
<url>http://www.berlex.com</url>
</packager>
</packagers>
<manufacturers>
<manufacturer generic="false">Bayer healthcare pharmaceuticals inc</manufacturer>
</manufacturers>
<prices>
<price>
<description>Refludan 50 mg vial</description>
<cost currency="USD">273.19</cost>
<unit>vial</unit>
</price>
</prices>
<categories>
<category>
<category>Antithrombins</category>
<mesh-id>["D27.505.519.389.745.800.449"; "D27.505.954.502.119.500"]</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Fibrinolytic Agents</category>
<mesh-id>["D27.505.519.421.750"; "D27.505.954.411.320"; "D27.505.954.502.427"]</mesh-id>
</category>
</categories>
<affected-organisms>
<affected-organism>Humans and other mammals</affected-organism>
</affected-organisms>
<dosages>
<dosage>
<form>Powder for solution</form>
<route>intravenous</route>
<strength>50 mg</strength>
</dosage>
</dosages>
<atc-codes>
<atc-code code="B01AE02">
<level code="B">BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS</level>
<level code="B01">ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS</level>
<level code="B01A">ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS</level>
<level code="B01AE">Direct thrombin inhibitors</level>
</atc-code>
</atc-codes>
<ahfs-codes>
<ahfs-code>20:12.04.12</ahfs-code>
</ahfs-codes>
<patents>
<patent>
<number>1339104</number>
<country>Canada</country>
<approved>1997-07-29</approved>
<expires>2014-07-29</expires>
</patent>
<patent>
<number>5180668</number>
<country>United States</country>
<approved>1993-01-19</approved>
<expires>2010-01-19</expires>
</patent>
</patents>
<food-interactions/>
<drug-interactions/>
<sequences>
<sequence format="FASTA">>DB00001 sequence
LVYTDCTESGQNLCLCEGSNVCGQGNKCILGSDGEKNQCVTGEGTPKPQSHNDGDFEEIP
EEYLQ</sequence>
</sequences>
<experimental-properties>
<property>
<kind>Melting Point</kind>
<value>65 °C</value>
<source>Otto; A. & Seckler; R. Eur. J. Biochem. 202:67-73 (1991)</source>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Hydrophobicity</kind>
<value>-0.777</value>
<source/>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Isoelectric Point</kind>
<value>4.04</value>
<source/>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Molecular Weight</kind>
<value>6963.425</value>
<source/>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Molecular Formula</kind>
<value>C287H440N80O110S6</value>
<source/>
</property>
</experimental-properties>
<external-identifiers>
<external-identifier>
<resource>Drugs Product Database (DPD)</resource>
<identifier>11916</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>KEGG Drug</resource>
<identifier>D06880</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>National Drug Code Directory</resource>
<identifier>50419-150-57</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>PharmGKB</resource>
<identifier>PA450195</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>UniProtKB</resource>
<identifier>P01050</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>Wikipedia</resource>
<identifier>Lepirudin</identifier>
</external-identifier>
</external-identifiers>
<external-links>
<external-link>
<resource>RxList</resource>
<url>http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/lepirudin.htm</url>
</external-link>
<external-link>
<resource>Drugs.com</resource>
<url>http://www.drugs.com/cdi/lepirudin.html</url>
</external-link>
</external-links>
<pathways>
<pathway>
<smpdb-id>SMP00278</smpdb-id>
<name>Lepirudin Action Pathway</name>
<drugs>
<drug>
<drugbank-id>DB00001</drugbank-id>
<name>Lepirudin</name>
</drug>
<drug>
<drugbank-id>DB01022</drugbank-id>
<name>Phylloquinone</name>
</drug>
<drug>
<drugbank-id>DB01373</drugbank-id>
<name>Calcium</name>
</drug>
</drugs>
<enzymes>
<uniprot-id>P00734</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P00748</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P02452</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P03952</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P03951</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P00740</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P00451</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P12259</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P00742</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P02671</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P02675</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P02679</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P00488</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P05160</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P00747</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P00750</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P08709</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P13726</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>Q9BQB6</uniprot-id>
<uniprot-id>P38435</uniprot-id>
</enzymes>
</pathway>
</pathways>
<reactions/>
<snp-effects/>
<snp-adverse-drug-reactions/>
<targets>
<target>
<id>BE0000048</id>
<name>Prothrombin</name>
<organism>Human</organism>
<actions>
<action>inhibitor</action>
</actions>
<references># Turpie AG: Anticoagulants in acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Sep 2;84(5A):2M-6M. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10505536
# Warkentin TE: Venous thromboembolism in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000 Jul;6(4):343-51. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10912644
# Eriksson BI: New therapeutic options in deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. Semin Hematol. 2000 Jul;37(3 Suppl 5):7-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11055889
# Fabrizio MC: Use of ecarin clotting time (ECT) with lepirudin therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cardiopulmonary bypass. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2001 May;33(2):117-25. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11467439
# Szaba FM; Smiley ST: Roles for thrombin and fibrin(ogen) in cytokine/chemokine production and macrophage adhesion in vivo. Blood. 2002 Feb 1;99(3):1053-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11807012
# Chen X; Ji ZL; Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752352</references>
<known-action>yes</known-action>
<polypeptide id="P00734" source="Swiss-Prot">
<name>Prothrombin</name>
<general-function>Thrombospondin receptor activity</general-function>
<specific-function>Thrombin; which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys; converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V; VII; VIII; XIII; and; in complex with thrombomodulin; protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis; inflammation and wound healing.</specific-function>
<gene-name>F2</gene-name>
<locus>11p11-q12</locus>
<cellular-location>Secreted</cellular-location>
<transmembrane-regions/>
<signal-regions>1-24</signal-regions>
<theoretical-pi>5.7</theoretical-pi>
<molecular-weight>70036.295</molecular-weight>
<chromosome-location>11</chromosome-location>
<organism ncbi-taxonomy-id="9606">Human</organism>
<external-identifiers>
<external-identifier>
<resource>HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)</resource>
<identifier>HGNC:3535</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>GenAtlas</resource>
<identifier>F2</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>GenBank Gene Database</resource>
<identifier>M17262</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>GenBank Protein Database</resource>
<identifier>339641</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>Guide to Pharmacology</resource>
<identifier>2362</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>UniProtKB</resource>
<identifier>P00734</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>UniProt Accession</resource>
<identifier>THRB_HUMAN</identifier>
</external-identifier>
</external-identifiers>
<synonyms>
<synonym>3.4.21.5</synonym>
<synonym>Coagulation factor II</synonym>
</synonyms>
<amino-acid-sequence format="FASTA">>lcl|BSEQ0016004|Prothrombin
MAHVRGLQLPGCLALAALCSLVHSQHVFLAPQQARSLLQRVRRANTFLEEVRKGNLEREC
VEETCSYEEAFEALESSTATDVFWAKYTACETARTPRDKLAACLEGNCAEGLGTNYRGHV
NITRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLQENFCRNPDSSTTGPWCYTTDPTVRRQE
CSIPVCGQDQVTVAMTPRSEGSSVNLSPPLEQCVPDRGQQYQGRLAVTTHGLPCLAWASA
QAKALSKHQDFNSAVQLVENFCRNPDGDEEGVWCYVAGKPGDFGYCDLNYCEEAVEEETG
DGLDEDSDRAIEGRTATSEYQTFFNPRTFGSGEADCGLRPLFEKKSLEDKTERELLESYI
DGRIVEGSDAEIGMSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTEN
DLLVRIGKHSRTRYERNIEKISMLEKIYIHPRYNWRENLDRDIALMKLKKPVAFSDYIHP
VCLPDRETAASLLQAGYKGRVTGWGNLKETWTANVGKGQPSVLQVVNLPIVERPVCKDST
RIRITDNMFCAGYKPDEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPFNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKY
GFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDQFGE</amino-acid-sequence>
<gene-sequence format="FASTA">>lcl|BSEQ0016005|Prothrombin (F2)
ATGGCGCACGTCCGAGGCTTGCAGCTGCCTGGCTGCCTGGCCCTGGCTGCCCTGTGTAGC
CTTGTGCACAGCCAGCATGTGTTCCTGGCTCCTCAGCAAGCACGGTCGCTGCTCCAGCGG
GTCCGGCGAGCCAACACCTTCTTGGAGGAGGTGCGCAAGGGCAACCTGGAGCGAGAGTGC
GTGGAGGAGACGTGCAGCTACGAGGAGGCCTTCGAGGCTCTGGAGTCCTCCACGGCTACG
GATGTGTTCTGGGCCAAGTACACAGCTTGTGAGACAGCGAGGACGCCTCGAGATAAGCTT
GCTGCATGTCTGGAAGGTAACTGTGCTGAGGGTCTGGGTACGAACTACCGAGGGCATGTG
AACATCACCCGGTCAGGCATTGAGTGCCAGCTATGGAGGAGTCGCTACCCACATAAGCCT
GAAATCAACTCCACTACCCATCCTGGGGCCGACCTACAGGAGAATTTCTGCCGCAACCCC
GACAGCAGCACCACGGGACCCTGGTGCTACACTACAGACCCCACCGTGAGGAGGCAGGAA
TGCAGCATCCCTGTCTGTGGCCAGGATCAAGTCACTGTAGCGATGACTCCACGCTCCGAA
GGCTCCAGTGTGAATCTGTCACCTCCATTGGAGCAGTGTGTCCCTGATCGGGGGCAGCAG
TACCAGGGGCGCCTGGCGGTGACCACACATGGGCTCCCCTGCCTGGCCTGGGCCAGCGCA
CAGGCCAAGGCCCTGAGCAAGCACCAGGACTTCAACTCAGCTGTGCAGCTGGTGGAGAAC
TTCTGCCGCAACCCAGACGGGGATGAGGAGGGCGTGTGGTGCTATGTGGCCGGGAAGCCT
GGCGACTTTGGGTACTGCGACCTCAACTATTGTGAGGAGGCCGTGGAGGAGGAGACAGGA
GATGGGCTGGATGAGGACTCAGACAGGGCCATCGAAGGGCGTACCGCCACCAGTGAGTAC
CAGACTTTCTTCAATCCGAGGACCTTTGGCTCGGGAGAGGCAGACTGTGGGCTGCGACCT
CTGTTCGAGAAGAAGTCGCTGGAGGACAAAACCGAAAGAGAGCTCCTGGAATCCTACATC
GACGGGCGCATTGTGGAGGGCTCGGATGCAGAGATCGGCATGTCACCTTGGCAGGTGATG
CTTTTCCGGAAGAGTCCCCAGGAGCTGCTGTGTGGGGCCAGCCTCATCAGTGACCGCTGG
GTCCTCACCGCCGCCCACTGCCTCCTGTACCCGCCCTGGGACAAGAACTTCACCGAGAAT
GACCTTCTGGTGCGCATTGGCAAGCACTCCCGCACCAGGTACGAGCGAAACATTGAAAAG
ATATCCATGTTGGAAAAGATCTACATCCACCCCAGGTACAACTGGCGGGAGAACCTGGAC
CGGGACATTGCCCTGATGAAGCTGAAGAAGCCTGTTGCCTTCAGTGACTACATTCACCCT
GTGTGTCTGCCCGACAGGGAGACGGCAGCCAGCTTGCTCCAGGCTGGATACAAGGGGCGG
GTGACAGGCTGGGGCAACCTGAAGGAGACGTGGACAGCCAACGTTGGTAAGGGGCAGCCC
AGTGTCCTGCAGGTGGTGAACCTGCCCATTGTGGAGCGGCCGGTCTGCAAGGACTCCACC
CGGATCCGCATCACTGACAACATGTTCTGTGCTGGTTACAAGCCTGATGAAGGGAAACGA
GGGGATGCCTGTGAAGGTGACAGTGGGGGACCCTTTGTCATGAAGAGCCCCTTTAACAAC
CGCTGGTATCAAATGGGCATCGTCTCATGGGGTGAAGGCTGTGACCGGGATGGGAAATAT
GGCTTCTACACACATGTGTTCCGCCTGAAGAAGTGGATACAGAAGGTCATTGATCAGTTT
GGAGAGTAG</gene-sequence>
<pfams>
<pfam>
<identifier>PF00594</identifier>
<name>Gla</name>
</pfam>
<pfam>
<identifier>PF00051</identifier>
<name>Kringle</name>
</pfam>
<pfam>
<identifier>PF00089</identifier>
<name>Trypsin</name>
</pfam>
<pfam>
<identifier>PF09396</identifier>
<name>Thrombin_light</name>
</pfam>
</pfams>
<go-classifiers>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>plasma membrane</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>extracellular space</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>blood microparticle</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>extracellular matrix</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>Golgi lumen</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>cytosol</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>extracellular exosome</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>extracellular region</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>component</category>
<description>endoplasmic reticulum lumen</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>function</category>
<description>receptor binding</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>function</category>
<description>thrombospondin receptor activity</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>function</category>
<description>calcium ion binding</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>function</category>
<description>serine-type endopeptidase activity</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>function</category>
<description>growth factor activity</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>fibrinolysis</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>leukocyte migration</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>multicellular organismal development</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>cellular protein metabolic process</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>post-translational protein modification</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>negative regulation of fibrinolysis</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>regulation of blood coagulation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>negative regulation of platelet activation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>regulation of cell shape</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>regulation of gene expression</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>blood coagulation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>negative regulation of proteolysis</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>platelet activation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>response to inactivity</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of blood coagulation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>response to wounding</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>acute-phase response</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of cell growth</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>blood coagulation; intrinsic pathway</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>proteolysis</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of cell proliferation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of protein phosphorylation</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>cell surface receptor signaling pathway</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>cytosolic calcium ion homeostasis</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling</description>
</go-classifier>
<go-classifier>
<category>process</category>
<description>cellular response to mechanical stimulus</description>
</go-classifier>
</go-classifiers>
</polypeptide>
</target>
</targets>
<enzymes/>
<carriers/>
<transporters/>
</drug>
<drug type="biotech" created="2005-06-13" updated="2015-11-10">
<drugbank-id>DB00002</drugbank-id>
<drugbank-id>BIOD00071</drugbank-id>
<drugbank-id>BTD00071</drugbank-id>
<name>Cetuximab</name>
<description>Epidermal growth factor receptor binding FAB. Cetuximab is composed of the Fv (variable; antigen-binding) regions of the 225 murine EGFr monoclonal antibody specific for the N-terminal portion of human EGFr with human IgG1 heavy and kappa light chain constant (framework) regions.</description>
<cas-number>205923-56-4</cas-number>
<groups>
<group>approved</group>
</groups>
<general-references/>
<synthesis-reference/>
<indication>For treatment of EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer in patients who are refractory to other irinotecan-based chemotherapy regimens. Cetuximab is also indicated for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in conjucntion with radiation therapy.</indication>
<pharmacodynamics>Used in the treatment of colorectal cancer; cetuximab binds specifically to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr; HER1; c-ErbB-1) on both normal and tumor cells. EGFr is over-expressed in many colorectal cancers. Cetuximab competitively inhibits the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other ligands; such as transforming growth factor–alpha. Binding of cetuximab to the EGFr blocks phosphorylation and activation of receptor-associated kinases; resulting in inhibition of cell growth; induction of apoptosis; decreased matrix metalloproteinase secretion and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor production.</pharmacodynamics>
<mechanism-of-action>Cetuximab binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) on both normal and tumor cells. EGFr is over-expressed in many colorectal cancers. Cetuximab competitively inhibits the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and TGF alpha; thereby reducing their effects on cell growth and metastatic spread.</mechanism-of-action>
<toxicity>Single doses of cetuximab higher than 500 mg/m<sup>2</sup> have not been tested. There is no experience with overdosage in human clinical trials.
</toxicity>
<metabolism/>
<absorption/>
<half-life>114 hrs</half-life>
<protein-binding/>
<route-of-elimination/>
<volume-of-distribution/>
<clearance/>
<classification>
<description/>
<direct-parent>Peptides</direct-parent>
<kingdom>Organic Compounds</kingdom>
<superclass>Organic Acids</superclass>
<class>Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives</class>
<subclass>Amino Acids; Peptides; and Analogues</subclass>
</classification>
<salts/>
<synonyms>
<synonym language="" coder="">Anti EGFR</synonym>
<synonym language="" coder="">IMC-C225</synonym>
</synonyms>
<products>
<product>
<name>Erbitux</name>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code/>
<dpd-id>02271249</dpd-id>
<started-marketing-on>2008-10-28</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on/>
<dosage-form>solution</dosage-form>
<strength>2 mg</strength>
<route>intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number/>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>true</approved>
<country>Canada</country>
<source>DPD</source>
</product>
<product>
<name>Erbitux</name>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code>66733-948</ndc-product-code>
<dpd-id/>
<started-marketing-on>2004-02-12</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on/>
<dosage-form>solution</dosage-form>
<strength>2 mg/mL</strength>
<route>intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number>BLA125084</fda-application-number>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>true</approved>
<country>US</country>
<source>FDA NDC</source>
</product>
<product>
<name>Erbitux</name>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code>66733-958</ndc-product-code>
<dpd-id/>
<started-marketing-on>2007-10-02</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on/>
<dosage-form>solution</dosage-form>
<strength>2 mg/mL</strength>
<route>intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number>BLA125084</fda-application-number>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>true</approved>
<country>US</country>
<source>FDA NDC</source>
</product>
</products>
<international-brands/>
<mixtures>
<mixture>
<name>Erbitux</name>
<ingredients>Cetuximab</ingredients>
</mixture>
<mixture>
<name>Erbitux</name>
<ingredients>Cetuximab</ingredients>
</mixture>
<mixture>
<name>Erbitux</name>
<ingredients>Cetuximab</ingredients>
</mixture>
</mixtures>
<packagers>
<packager>
<name>Cardinal Health</name>
<url>http://www.cardinal.com</url>
</packager>
<packager>
<name>Catalent Pharma Solutions</name>
<url>http://www.catalent.com</url>
</packager>
<packager>
<name>ImClone Systems Inc.</name>
<url>http://www.imclone.com</url>
</packager>
<packager>
<name>Oso Biopharmaceuticals Manufacturing LLC</name>
<url/>
</packager>
</packagers>
<manufacturers/>
<prices/>
<categories>
<category>
<category>Antineoplastic Agents</category>
<mesh-id>["D27.505.954.248"]</mesh-id>
</category>
</categories>
<affected-organisms>
<affected-organism>Humans and other mammals</affected-organism>
</affected-organisms>
<dosages>
<dosage>
<form>Solution</form>
<route>intravenous</route>
<strength>2 mg/mL</strength>
</dosage>
<dosage>
<form>Solution</form>
<route>intravenous</route>
<strength>2 mg</strength>
</dosage>
</dosages>
<atc-codes>
<atc-code code="L01XC06">
<level code="L">ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS</level>
<level code="L01">ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS</level>
<level code="L01X">OTHER ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS</level>
<level code="L01XC">Monoclonal antibodies</level>
</atc-code>
</atc-codes>
<ahfs-codes/>
<patents>
<patent>
<number>1340417</number>
<country>Canada</country>
<approved>1999-03-02</approved>
<expires>2016-03-02</expires>
</patent>
</patents>
<food-interactions/>
<drug-interactions></drug-interactions>
<sequences>
<sequence format="FASTA">>Cetuximab heavy chain
QVQLKQSGPGLVQPSQSLSITCTVSGFSLTNYGVHWVRQSPGKGLEWLGVIWSGGNTDYN
TPFTSRLSINKDNSKSQVFFKMNSLQSNDTAIYYCARALTYYDYEFAYWGQGTLVTVSAA
STKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSG
LYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGP
SVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNS
TYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDEL
TKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQ
QGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK</sequence>
<sequence format="FASTA">>Cetuximab light chain
DILLTQSPVILSVSPGERVSFSCRASQSIGTNIHWYQQRTNGSPRLLIKYASESISGIPS
RFSGSGSGTDFTLSINSVESEDIADYYCQQNNNWPTTFGAGTKLELKRTVAAPSVFIFPP
SDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLT
LSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC</sequence>
</sequences>
<experimental-properties>
<property>
<kind>Melting Point</kind>
<value>61 °C (FAB fragment); 71 °C (whole mAb)</value>
<source>Vermeer; A.W.P. & Norde; W.; Biophys. J. 78:394-404 (2000)</source>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Hydrophobicity</kind>
<value>-0.413</value>
<source/>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Isoelectric Point</kind>
<value>8.48</value>
<source/>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Molecular Weight</kind>
<value>145781.6</value>
<source/>
</property>
<property>
<kind>Molecular Formula</kind>
<value>C6484H10042N1732O2023S36</value>
<source/>
</property>
</experimental-properties>
<external-identifiers>
<external-identifier>
<resource>Drugs Product Database (DPD)</resource>
<identifier>13175</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>National Drug Code Directory</resource>
<identifier>66733-948-23</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>GenBank</resource>
<identifier>J00228</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>PharmGKB</resource>
<identifier>PA10040</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>Wikipedia</resource>
<identifier>Cetuximab</identifier>
</external-identifier>
</external-identifiers>
<external-links>
<external-link>
<resource>RxList</resource>
<url>http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/erbitux.htm</url>
</external-link>
<external-link>
<resource>Drugs.com</resource>
<url>http://www.drugs.com/cdi/cetuximab.html</url>
</external-link>
</external-links>
<pathways>
<pathway>
<smpdb-id>SMP00474</smpdb-id>
<name>Cetuximab Action Pathway</name>
<drugs>
<drug>
<drugbank-id>DB00002</drugbank-id>
<name>Cetuximab</name>
</drug>
</drugs>
<enzymes>
<uniprot-id>P00533</uniprot-id>
</enzymes>
</pathway>
</pathways>
<reactions/>
<snp-effects>
<effect>
<protein-name>Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a</protein-name>
<gene-symbol>FCGR2A</gene-symbol>
<uniprot-id>P12318</uniprot-id>
<rs-id>rs1801274</rs-id>
<allele/>
<defining-change>H allelle</defining-change>
<description>Increased progression free survival</description>
<pubmed-id>17704420</pubmed-id>
</effect>
<effect>
<protein-name>Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A</protein-name>
<gene-symbol>FCGR3A</gene-symbol>
<uniprot-id>P08637</uniprot-id>
<rs-id>rs396991</rs-id>
<allele/>
<defining-change>A > C</defining-change>
<description>Better response to drug therapy (longer progression free survival) with the F allele</description>
<pubmed-id>17704420</pubmed-id>
</effect>
</snp-effects>
<snp-adverse-drug-reactions/>
<targets>
<target position="1">
<id>BE0000767</id>
<name>Epidermal growth factor receptor</name>
<organism>Human</organism>
<actions>
<action>antagonist</action>
</actions>
<references># Hosokawa N; Yamamoto S; Uehara Y; Hori M; Tsuchiya KS: Effect of thiazinotrienomycin B; an ansamycin antibiotic; on the function of epidermal growth factor receptor in human stomach tumor cells. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1999 May;52(5):485-90. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10480573
# Wakita H; Takigawa M: Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor promotes late terminal differentiation of cell-matrix interaction-disrupted keratinocytes. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 24;274(52):37285-91. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601294
# Suwa T; Ueda M; Jinno H; Ozawa S; Kitagawa Y; Ando N; Kitajima M: Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent cytotoxic effect of anti-EGFR antibody-ribonuclease conjugate on human cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;19(5B):4161-5. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10628369
# Burke P; Schooler K; Wiley HS: Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. Mol Biol Cell. 2001 Jun;12(6):1897-910. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408594
# Viloria-Petit A; Crombet T; Jothy S; Hicklin D; Bohlen P; Schlaeppi JM; Rak J; Kerbel RS: Acquired resistance to the antitumor effect of epidermal growth factor receptor-blocking antibodies in vivo: a role for altered tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2001 Jul 1;61(13):5090-101. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431346
# Chen X; Ji ZL; Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752352</references>
<known-action>yes</known-action>
<polypeptide id="P00533" source="Swiss-Prot">
<name>Epidermal growth factor receptor</name>
<general-function>Ubiquitin protein ligase binding</general-function>
<specific-function>Receptor tyrosine kinase binding ligands of the EGF family and activating several signaling cascades to convert extracellular cues into appropriate cellular responses. Known ligands include EGF; TGFA/TGF-alpha; amphiregulin; epigen/EPGN; BTC/betacellulin; epiregulin/EREG and HBEGF/heparin-binding EGF. Ligand binding triggers receptor homo- and/or heterodimerization and autophosphorylation on key cytoplasmic residues. The phosphorylated receptor recruits adapter proteins like GRB2 which in turn activates complex downstream signaling cascades. Activates at least 4 major downstream signaling cascades including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK; PI3 kinase-AKT; PLCgamma-PKC and STATs modules. May also activate the NF-kappa-B signaling cascade. Also directly phosphorylates other proteins like RGS16; activating its GTPase activity and probably coupling the EGF receptor signaling to the G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Also phosphorylates MUC1 and increases its interaction with SRC and CTNNB1/beta-catenin.Isoform 2 may act as an antagonist of EGF action.</specific-function>
<gene-name>EGFR</gene-name>
<locus>7p12</locus>
<cellular-location>Cell membrane</cellular-location>
<transmembrane-regions>646-668</transmembrane-regions>
<signal-regions>1-24</signal-regions>
<theoretical-pi>6.67</theoretical-pi>
<molecular-weight>134276.185</molecular-weight>
<chromosome-location>7</chromosome-location>
<organism ncbi-taxonomy-id="9606">Human</organism>
<external-identifiers>
<external-identifier>
<resource>HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)</resource>
<identifier>HGNC:3236</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>GenAtlas</resource>
<identifier>EGFR</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>GenBank Gene Database</resource>
<identifier>X00588</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>GenBank Protein Database</resource>
<identifier>757924</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>Guide to Pharmacology</resource>
<identifier>1797</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>UniProtKB</resource>
<identifier>P00533</identifier>
</external-identifier>
<external-identifier>
<resource>UniProt Accession</resource>
<identifier>EGFR_HUMAN</identifier>
</external-identifier>
</external-identifiers>
<synonyms>
<synonym>2.7.10.1</synonym>
<synonym>ERBB</synonym>
<synonym>ERBB1</synonym>
<synonym>HER1</synonym>
<synonym>Proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1</synonym>
<synonym>Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1</synonym>
</synonyms>
<amino-acid-sequence format="FASTA">>lcl|BSEQ0001530|Epidermal growth factor receptor
MRPSGTAGAALLALLAALCPASRALEEKKVCQGTSNKLTQLGTFEDHFLSLQRMFNNCEV
VLGNLEITYVQRNYDLSFLKTIQEVAGYVLIALNTVERIPLENLQIIRGNMYYENSYALA
VLSNYDANKTGLKELPMRNLQEILHGAVRFSNNPALCNVESIQWRDIVSSDFLSNMSMDF
QNHLGSCQKCDPSCPNGSCWGAGEENCQKLTKIICAQQCSGRCRGKSPSDCCHNQCAAGC
TGPRESDCLVCRKFRDEATCKDTCPPLMLYNPTTYQMDVNPEGKYSFGATCVKKCPRNYV
VTDHGSCVRACGADSYEMEEDGVRKCKKCEGPCRKVCNGIGIGEFKDSLSINATNIKHFK
NCTSISGDLHILPVAFRGDSFTHTPPLDPQELDILKTVKEITGFLLIQAWPENRTDLHAF
ENLEIIRGRTKQHGQFSLAVVSLNITSLGLRSLKEISDGDVIISGNKNLCYANTINWKKL
FGTSGQKTKIISNRGENSCKATGQVCHALCSPEGCWGPEPRDCVSCRNVSRGRECVDKCN
LLEGEPREFVENSECIQCHPECLPQAMNITCTGRGPDNCIQCAHYIDGPHCVKTCPAGVM
GENNTLVWKYADAGHVCHLCHPNCTYGCTGPGLEGCPTNGPKIPSIATGMVGALLLLLVV
ALGIGLFMRRRHIVRKRTLRRLLQERELVEPLTPSGEAPNQALLRILKETEFKKIKVLGS
GAFGTVYKGLWIPEGEKVKIPVAIKELREATSPKANKEILDEAYVMASVDNPHVCRLLGI
CLTSTVQLITQLMPFGCLLDYVREHKDNIGSQYLLNWCVQIAKGMNYLEDRRLVHRDLAA
RNVLVKTPQHVKITDFGLAKLLGAEEKEYHAEGGKVPIKWMALESILHRIYTHQSDVWSY
GVTVWELMTFGSKPYDGIPASEISSILEKGERLPQPPICTIDVYMIMVKCWMIDADSRPK
FRELIIEFSKMARDPQRYLVIQGDERMHLPSPTDSNFYRALMDEEDMDDVVDADEYLIPQ
QGFFSSPSTSRTPLLSSLSATSNNSTVACIDRNGLQSCPIKEDSFLQRYSSDPTGALTED
SIDDTFLPVPEYINQSVPKRPAGSVQNPVYHNQPLNPAPSRDPHYQDPHSTAVGNPEYLN
TVQPTCVNSTFDSPAHWAQKGSHQISLDNPDYQQDFFPKEAKPNGIFKGSTAENAEYLRV
APQSSEFIGA</amino-acid-sequence>
<gene-sequence format="FASTA">>lcl|BSEQ0019007|Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
ATGCGACCCTCCGGGACGGCCGGGGCAGCGCTCCTGGCGCTGCTGGCTGCGCTCTGCCCG
GCGAGTCGGGCTCTGGAGGAAAAGAAAGTTTGCCAAGGCACGAGTAACAAGCTCACGCAG
TTGGGCACTTTTGAAGATCATTTTCTCAGCCTCCAGAGGATGTTCAATAACTGTGAGGTG
GTCCTTGGGAATTTGGAAATTACCTATGTGCAGAGGAATTATGATCTTTCCTTCTTAAAG
ACCATCCAGGAGGTGGCTGGTTATGTCCTCATTGCCCTCAACACAGTGGAGCGAATTCCT
TTGGAAAACCTGCAGATCATCAGAGGAAATATGTACTACGAAAATTCCTATGCCTTAGCA
GTCTTATCTAACTATGATGCAAATAAAACCGGACTGAAGGAGCTGCCCATGAGAAATTTA
CAGGAAATCCTGCATGGCGCCGTGCGGTTCAGCAACAACCCTGCCCTGTGCAACGTGGAG
AGCATCCAGTGGCGGGACATAGTCAGCAGTGACTTTCTCAGCAACATGTCGATGGACTTC
CAGAACCACCTGGGCAGCTGCCAAAAGTGTGATCCAAGCTGTCCCAATGGGAGCTGCTGG
GGTGCAGGAGAGGAGAACTGCCAGAAACTGACCAAAATCATCTGTGCCCAGCAGTGCTCC
GGGCGCTGCCGTGGCAAGTCCCCCAGTGACTGCTGCCACAACCAGTGTGCTGCAGGCTGC
ACAGGCCCCCGGGAGAGCGACTGCCTGGTCTGCCGCAAATTCCGAGACGAAGCCACGTGC
AAGGACACCTGCCCCCCACTCATGCTCTACAACCCCACCACGTACCAGATGGATGTGAAC
CCCGAGGGCAAATACAGCTTTGGTGCCACCTGCGTGAAGAAGTGTCCCCGTAATTATGTG
GTGACAGATCACGGCTCGTGCGTCCGAGCCTGTGGGGCCGACAGCTATGAGATGGAGGAA
GACGGCGTCCGCAAGTGTAAGAAGTGCGAAGGGCCTTGCCGCAAAGTGTGTAACGGAATA
GGTATTGGTGAATTTAAAGACTCACTCTCCATAAATGCTACGAATATTAAACACTTCAAA
AACTGCACCTCCATCAGTGGCGATCTCCACATCCTGCCGGTGGCATTTAGGGGTGACTCC
TTCACACATACTCCTCCTCTGGATCCACAGGAACTGGATATTCTGAAAACCGTAAAGGAA
ATCACAGGGTTTTTGCTGATTCAGGCTTGGCCTGAAAACAGGACGGACCTCCATGCCTTT
GAGAACCTAGAAATCATACGCGGCAGGACCAAGCAACATGGTCAGTTTTCTCTTGCAGTC
GTCAGCCTGAACATAACATCCTTGGGATTACGCTCCCTCAAGGAGATAAGTGATGGAGAT
GTGATAATTTCAGGAAACAAAAATTTGTGCTATGCAAATACAATAAACTGGAAAAAACTG
TTTGGGACCTCCGGTCAGAAAACCAAAATTATAAGCAACAGAGGTGAAAACAGCTGCAAG
GCCACAGGCCAGGTCTGCCATGCCTTGTGCTCCCCCGAGGGCTGCTGGGGCCCGGAGCCC
AGGGACTGCGTCTCTTGCCGGAATGTCAGCCGAGGCAGGGAATGCGTGGACAAGTGCAAC
CTTCTGGAGGGTGAGCCAAGGGAGTTTGTGGAGAACTCTGAGTGCATACAGTGCCACCCA
GAGTGCCTGCCTCAGGCCATGAACATCACCTGCACAGGACGGGGACCAGACAACTGTATC
CAGTGTGCCCACTACATTGACGGCCCCCACTGCGTCAAGACCTGCCCGGCAGGAGTCATG
GGAGAAAACAACACCCTGGTCTGGAAGTACGCAGACGCCGGCCATGTGTGCCACCTGTGC
CATCCAAACTGCACCTACGGATGCACTGGGCCAGGTCTTGAAGGCTGTCCAACGAATGGG
CCTAAGATCCCGTCCATCGCCACTGGGATGGTGGGGGCCCTCCTCTTGCTGCTGGTGGTG
GCCCTGGGGATCGGCCTCTTCATGCGAAGGCGCCACATCGTTCGGAAGCGCACGCTGCGG
AGGCTGCTGCAGGAGAGGGAGCTTGTGGAGCCTCTTACACCCAGTGGAGAAGCTCCCAAC
CAAGCTCTCTTGAGGATCTTGAAGGAAACTGAATTCAAAAAGATCAAAGTGCTGGGCTCC
GGTGCGTTCGGCACGGTGTATAAGGGACTCTGGATCCCAGAAGGTGAGAAAGTTAAAATT
CCCGTCGCTATCAAGGAATTAAGAGAAGCAACATCTCCGAAAGCCAACAAGGAAATCCTC
GATGAAGCCTACGTGATGGCCAGCGTGGACAACCCCCACGTGTGCCGCCTGCTGGGCATC
TGCCTCACCTCCACCGTGCAGCTCATCACGCAGCTCATGCCCTTCGGCTGCCTCCTGGAC
TATGTCCGGGAACACAAAGACAATATTGGCTCCCAGTACCTGCTCAACTGGTGTGTGCAG
ATCGCAAAGGGCATGAACTACTTGGAGGACCGTCGCTTGGTGCACCGCGACCTGGCAGCC
AGGAACGTACTGGTGAAAACACCGCAGCATGTCAAGATCACAGATTTTGGGCTGGCCAAA
CTGCTGGGTGCGGAAGAGAAAGAATACCATGCAGAAGGAGGCAAAGTGCCTATCAAGTGG
ATGGCATTGGAATCAATTTTACACAGAATCTATACCCACCAGAGTGATGTCTGGAGCTAC
GGGGTGACCGTTTGGGAGTTGATGACCTTTGGATCCAAGCCATATGACGGAATCCCTGCC
AGCGAGATCTCCTCCATCCTGGAGAAAGGAGAACGCCTCCCTCAGCCACCCATATGTACC
ATCGATGTCTACATGATCATGGTCAAGTGCTGGATGATAGACGCAGATAGTCGCCCAAAG
TTCCGTGAGTTGATCATCGAATTCTCCAAAATGGCCCGAGACCCCCAGCGCTACCTTGTC
ATTCAGGGGGATGAAAGAATGCATTTGCCAAGTCCTACAGACTCCAACTTCTACCGTGCC
CTGATGGATGAAGAAGACATGGACGACGTGGTGGATGCCGACGAGTACCTCATCCCACAG
CAGGGCTTCTTCAGCAGCCCCTCCACGTCACGGACTCCCCTCCTGAGCTCTCTGAGTGCA
ACCAGCAACAATTCCACCGTGGCTTGCATTGATAGAAATGGGCTGCAAAGCTGTCCCATC
AAGGAAGACAGCTTCTTGCAGCGATACAGCTCAGACCCCACAGGCGCCTTGACTGAGGAC
AGCATAGACGACACCTTCCTCCCAGTGCCTGAATACATAAACCAGTCCGTTCCCAAAAGG
CCCGCTGGCTCTGTGCAGAATCCTGTCTATCACAATCAGCCTCTGAACCCCGCGCCCAGC
AGAGACCCACACTACCAGGACCCCCACAGCACTGCAGTGGGCAACCCCGAGTATCTCAAC
ACTGTCCAGCCCACCTGTGTCAACAGCACATTCGACAGCCCTGCCCACTGGGCCCAGAAA
GGCAGCCACCAAATTAGCCTGGACAACCCTGACTACCAGCAGGACTTCTTTCCCAAGGAA
GCCAAGCCAAATGGCATCTTTAAGGGCTCCACAGCTGAAAATGCAGAATACCTAAGGGTC
GCGCCACAAAGCAGTGAATTTATTGGAGCATGA</gene-sequence>