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<H1>1.3.1 Types, Objects, and their Properties</H1>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p1">1/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1179"></A><B>abstract type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
tagged type intended for use as an ancestor of other types, but which
is not allowed to have objects of its own</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p2">2/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1180"></A><B>access type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that has values that designate aliased objects</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p3">3/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Access types correspond to “pointer
types” or “reference types” in some other languages.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p4">4/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1181"></A><B>accessibility
level</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
representation of the lifetime of an entity in terms of the level of
dynamic nesting within which the entity is known to exist</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p5">5/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1182"></A><B>aliased view</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
view of an object that can be designated by an access value</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p6">6/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Objects allocated by allocators are aliased.
Objects can also be explicitly declared as aliased with the reserved
word aliased. The Access attribute can be used to create an access value
designating an aliased object.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p7">7/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1183"></A><B>ancestor of a
type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type itself or, in the case of a type derived from other types, its parent
type or one of its progenitor types or one of their ancestors</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p8">8/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Ancestor and descendant are inverse relationships.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p9">9/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1184"></A><B>array type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
composite type whose components are all of the same type</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p10">10/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1185"></A><B>aspect</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
specifiable property of an entity</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p11">11/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: An aspect can be specified by an <SPAN Class="swiss"><A HREF="AA-13-1-1.html#S0346">aspect_specification</A></SPAN>
on the declaration of the entity. Some aspects can be queried via attributes.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p12">12/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1186"></A><B>attribute</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
characteristic or property of an entity that can be queried, and in some
cases specified</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p13">13/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1187"></A><B>category of types</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
set of types with one or more common properties, such as primitive operations</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p14">14/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: A category of types that is closed under
derivation is also known as a class.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p15">15/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1188"></A><B>character type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
enumeration type whose values include characters</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p16">16/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1189"></A><B>class of types</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
set of types that is <A NAME="I1190"></A>closed under derivation, which
means that if a given type is in the class, then all types derived from
that type are also in the class</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p17">17/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: The set of types of a class share common
properties, such as their primitive operations.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p18">18/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1191"></A><B>composite type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type with components, such as an array or record</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p19">19/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1192"></A><B>controlled type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that supports user-defined assignment and finalization</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p20">20/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Objects are always finalized before being
destroyed.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p21">21/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1193"></A><B>default initial
condition</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
property that holds for every default-initialized object of a given type</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p22">22/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1194"></A><B>derived type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type defined in terms of a parent type and zero or more progenitor types
given in a derived type definition</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p23">23/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note 1: A derived type inherits properties such
as components and primitive operations from its parent and progenitors.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p24">24/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note 2: A type together with the types derived
from it (directly or indirectly) form a derivation class.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p25">25/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1195"></A><B>descendant of
a type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type itself or a type derived (directly or indirectly) from it</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p26">26/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Descendant and ancestor are inverse relationships.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p27">27/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1196"></A><B>discrete type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that is either an integer type or an enumeration type</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p28">28/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1197"></A><B>discriminant</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
parameter for a composite type, which can control, for example, the bounds
of a component that is an array</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p29">29/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: A discriminant for a task type can be
used to pass data to a task of the type upon its creation.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p30">30/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1198"></A><B>elementary type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that does not have components</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p31">31/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1199"></A><B>enumeration type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type defined by an enumeration of its values, which can be denoted by
identifiers or character literals</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p32">32/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1200"></A><B>full type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that defines a full view</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p33">33/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1201"></A><B>full view</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
view of a type that reveals all of its properties</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p34">34/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: There can be other views of the type that
reveal fewer properties.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p35">35/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1202"></A><B>incomplete type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that defines an incomplete view</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p36">36/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Incomplete types can be used for defining
recursive data structures.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p37">37/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1203"></A><B>incomplete view</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
view of a type that reveals minimal properties</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p38">38/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: The remaining properties are defined by
the full view given elsewhere.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p39">39/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1204"></A><B>indexable container
type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that has user-defined behavior for indexing, via the Constant_Indexing
or Variable_Indexing aspects</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p40">40/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1205"></A><B>integer type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that represents signed or modular integers</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p41">41/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: A signed integer type has a base range
that includes both positive and negative numbers, and has operations
that can raise an exception when the result is outside the base range.
A modular type has a base range whose lower bound is zero, and has operations
with “wraparound” semantics. Modular types subsume what are
called “unsigned types” in some other languages.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p42">42/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1206"></A><B>interface type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
abstract tagged type that has no components or concrete operations except
possibly null procedures</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p43">43/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Interface types are used for composing
other interfaces and tagged types and thereby provide multiple inheritance.
Only an interface type can be used as a progenitor of another type.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p44">44/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1207"></A><B>invariant</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
assertion that is expected to be True for all objects of a given private
type when viewed from outside the defining package</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p45">45/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1208"></A><B>iterable container
type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that has user-defined behavior for iteration, via the Default_Iterator
and Iterator_Element aspects</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p46">46/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1209"></A><B>limited type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type for which copying (such as in an <SPAN Class="swiss"><A HREF="AA-5-2.html#S0173">assignment_statement</A></SPAN>)
is not allowed</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p47">47/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: All types are either limited types or
nonlimited types.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p48">48/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1210"></A><B>needed component</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
component of a record type or record extension that is required to have
its value specified within a given aggregate</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p49">49/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1211"></A><B>nominal subtype</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
subtype specified when a view of an object is defined</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p50">50/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1212"></A><B>nonlimited type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type for which copying is allowed</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p51">51/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1213"></A><B>object</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
entity that contains a value, and is either a constant or a variable</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p52">52/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: An object is created by an <SPAN Class="swiss"><A HREF="AA-3-3-1.html#S0032">object_declaration</A></SPAN>
or by an <SPAN Class="swiss"><A HREF="AA-4-8.html#S0164">allocator</A></SPAN>.
A formal parameter is (a view of) an object. A subcomponent of an object
is an object.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p53">53/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1214"></A><B>operational aspect</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
aspect that indicates a logical property of an entity, such as the precondition
of a subprogram, or the procedure used to write a given type of object
to a stream</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p54">54/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1215"></A><B>parent of a derived
type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
first ancestor type given in the definition of the derived type</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p55">55/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: The parent can be almost any kind of type,
including an interface type.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p56">56/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1216"></A><B>partial view</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
view of a type that reveals only some of its properties</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p57">57/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: The remaining properties are defined by
the full view given elsewhere.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p58">58/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1217"></A><B>primitive operations
of a type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
operations (such as subprograms) declared together with the type declarations</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p59">59/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Primitive operations are inherited by
other types in the same derivation class of types.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p60">60/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1218"></A><B>private extension</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that extends another type, with the additional properties hidden
from its clients</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p61">61/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1219"></A><B>private type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that defines a partial view</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p62">62/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Private types can be used for defining
abstractions that hide unnecessary details from their clients.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p63">63/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1220"></A><B>progenitor</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type given in the interface list, if any, of an interface, task, protected,
or derived type definition</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p64">64/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: A progenitor is always an interface type.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p65">65/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1221"></A><B>protected type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
composite type whose components are accessible only through one of its
protected operations, which synchronize concurrent access by multiple
tasks</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p66">66/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1222"></A><B>real type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that has values that are approximations of the real numbers</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p67">67/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Floating point and fixed point types are
real types.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p68">68/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1223"></A><B>record extension</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that extends another type optionally with additional components</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p69">69/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1224"></A><B>record type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
composite type consisting of zero or more named components, possibly
of different types</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p70">70/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1225"></A><B>reference type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type that has user-defined behavior for “.all”, defined by
the Implicit_Dereference aspect</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p71">71/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1226"></A><B>representation
aspect</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
aspect that indicates how an entity is mapped onto the underlying hardware,
for example the size or alignment of an object</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p72">72/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1227"></A><B>scalar type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
either a discrete type or a real type</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p73">73/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1228"></A><B>stable property</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
characteristic associated with objects of a given type that is preserved
by many of the primitive operations of the type</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p74">74/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1229"></A><B>storage pool object</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
object associated with one or more access types from which the storage
for objects created by allocators of the access type(s) is obtained</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p75">75/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Some storage pools can be partitioned
into subpools in order to support finer-grained storage management.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p76">76/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1230"></A><B>stream</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
sequence of elements that can be used, along with the stream-oriented
attributes, to support marshalling and unmarshalling of values of most
types</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p77">77/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1231"></A><B>subtype</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type together with optional constraints, null exclusions, and predicates,
which constrain the values of the type to the subset that satisfies the
implied conditions</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p78">78/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1232"></A><B>synchronized</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
can be safely operated on by multiple tasks concurrently</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p79">79/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Synchronized is used to qualify entities,
as in a synchronized interface.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p80">80/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1233"></A><B>tagged type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
type whose objects each have a run-time type tag, which indicates the
specific type for which the object was originally created</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p81">81/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Tagged types can be extended with additional
components.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p82">82/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1234"></A><B>task type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
composite type used to represent active entities which execute concurrently
and that can communicate via queued task entries</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p83">83/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: The top-level task of a partition is called
the environment task.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p84">84/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1235"></A><B>type</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body">
defining characteristic of each object and expression of the language,
with an associated set of values, and a set of primitive operations that
implement the fundamental aspects of its semantics</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p85">85/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: Types are grouped into categories. Most
language-defined categories of types are also classes of types.</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p86">86/5</a></div>
<div class="NarrowHanging-Term"><A NAME="I1236"></A><B>view of an entity</B></div><div class="NarrowHanging-Body"><br clear="left">
representation of an entity that reveals some or all of the properties
of the entity</div>
<div class="paranum"><a name="p87">87/5</a></div>
<div class="Annotations">Note: A single entity can have multiple views.</div>
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